| Category | Clinical Features |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of injury | Gunshot wound |
| Pedestrian injuries | |
| Injury severity | Mean injury severity score >41 |
| Mean revised trauma score >3.0 | |
| Preoperative physiologic profile | Mean BP in the field <50 mm Hg Mean BP on arrival to ED <60 mm Hg Best systolic BP in the ED <90 mm Hg Circulatory shock time >10 min Best mean pH <7.18 Mean preoperative crystalloid resuscitation >3,850 mL; mean RBC transfusion >834 mL |
| Type of injury | Significant head, chest, abdominal, and pelvic injuries individually or in combination after blunt trauma |
| Significant chest and abdominal injuries individually or in combination after penetrating trauma | |
| Organ injury | Brain |
| Liver | |
| Aorta or other major vascular injury | |
| Cardiac injury | |
| Operating room resuscitation and physiologic status | Systolic BP <90 mm Hg during the first hour Systolic BP <90 mm Hg for >30 min Deterioration of mean pH from 7.19–7.01 Mean intraoperative blood loss 5,172 mL; mean blood replacement, 4,541 mL Mean platelet transfusion, 784 mL Mean fresh frozen plasma, 1,418 mL Mean intraoperative temperature, 32.2°C Intraoperative cardiac arrest |
BP = blood pressure; ED = emergency department; RBC = red blood cell.