Table 42-11
- Hypoxia (e.g., laryngospasm, obstructed airway, atelectasis)
- Vagal reflex response (e.g., laryngoscopy, prolonged stretch on the extraocular muscles)
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Medications (e.g., clonidine, β-blockers, α-adrenergic eye drops, succinylcholine without pretreatment with atropine, sevoflurane [more common with Down syndrome], propofol infusion syndrome)
- Electrolyte disturbance (e.g., hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia)
- Congenital heart disease (e.g., congenital or acquired rhythm disturbance)
- Hypothermia
- Air embolism
- Tension pneumothorax