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Table 43-9

Increased carbon dioxide absorption
  • Extraperitoneal insufflation > intraperitoneal insufflation
  • Subcutaneous emphysema
  • Capnothorax, capnomediastinum, capnopericardium
  • Carbon dioxide embolism
Decreased alveolar ventilation: hypoventilation, ventilation–perfusion mismatch
  • Endobronchial intubation
  • Atelectasis: increased intra-abdominal pressure, patient position
  • Airway obstruction
  • Reduced cardiac output
Increased carbon dioxide production
  • Obesity, malignant hyperthermia, fever, thyrotoxicosis
Rebreathing of carbon dioxide
  • Defective carbon dioxide absorber
  • Malfunctioning valves