| System | Consequences |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular | Tachycardia Hypertension Increase in cardiac work load |
| Pulmonary | Respiratory muscle spasm (splinting) Decrease in vital capacity Atelectasis Hypoxia Increased risk of pulmonary infection |
| Gastrointestinal | Postoperative ileus |
| Renal | Increased risk of oliguria and urinary retention |
| Coagulation | Increased risk of thromboemboli |
| Immunologic | Impaired immune function |
| Muscular | Muscle weakness and fatigue |
| Limited mobility with increased risk of thromboembolism | |
| Psychological | Anxiety |
| Fear and frustration, resulting in poor patient satisfaction |