| Surgical Procedure | Intrathecal Drug Dose* |
|---|---|
| Labor analgesia | Sufentanil 2.5–5.0 µg |
| Cesarean section | Morphine 100 µg |
| Addition of clonidine (60 µg) is synergistic and can increase the duration of spinal analgesia after cesarean section but also increases intraoperative sedation | |
| Outpatient knee arthroplasty | Fentanyl (25–50 µg) improves intraoperative analgesia without prolonging postoperative motor blockade |
| Total knee arthroplasty | Morphine (200–300 µg) |
| Total hip arthroplasty | Morphine (100–200 µg) |
| Thoracotomy and major abdominal surgery | Morphine (500 µg) Incidence of side effects (nausea and vomiting, urinary retention, pruritus) increases with doses >300 µg |
*Intrathecal hydromorphone, 50–100 µg, approximates intrathecal morphine, 100–200 µg.