• Intravenous Agents
  • Anticholinergics: Atropine and glycopyrrolate are used frequently in neonates to decrease secretions and the vagal response to intubation
  • Midazolam: Used for premedicating infants before surgery
• Sedative–Hypnotics
  • Thiopental: Should be avoided in neonates with congenital heart disease
  • Propofol
  • Ketamine: Used frequently in neonates with congenital heart disease; based on animal data, there is a question of neurodegenerative changes
• Opioids
  • Fentanyl: Mainstay in newborns for sedation and analgesia; even the use of small doses may result in respiratory depression
  • Morphine
  • Remifentanil
• Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
  • Succinylcholine: Increased dose requirement; used to treat laryngospasm
  • Nondepolarizing agents: Variable and unpredictable duration of action
  • Rocuronium: Alternative to succinylcholine
  • Vecuronium: Long acting in infants younger than 1 year of age
• Reversal Agents
  • Edrophonium: Rapid onset
  • Neostigmine
• Volatile Agents
  • Halothane: Still used outside North America
  • Isoflurane
  • Sevoflurane: Most commonly used agent; rapid induction and awakening
  • Desflurane: Pungent
• Local Anesthetic Solutions
  • Amides
  • Lidocaine
  • Bupivacaine: Mmost commonly used
  • Ropivacaine
  • Levobupivacaine
  • Esters
  • Chloroprocaine
  • Topical Anesthesia
  • EMLA
  • LMX-4

EMLA = eutectic mixture of local anesthetic; LMX-4 = 4% liposomal lidocaine solution.