| System | Clinical Manifestations |
|---|---|
| Hematologic | Hemolytic anemia (hemoglobin 7–8 g/dL) |
| Aplastic anemia | |
| Leukocytosis | |
| Spleen | Infarction |
| Hyposplenism | |
| Splenic sequestration | |
| Central nervous system | Stroke |
| Hemorrhage | |
| Aneurysms | |
| Meningitis | |
| Musculoskeletal | Painful episodes |
| Bone marrow hyperplasia | |
| Avascular necrosis | |
| Osteomyelitis | |
| Bone infarcts | |
| Skeletal deformity | |
| Growth retardation | |
| Cutaneous ulceration | |
| Cardiac | Cardiomegaly |
| Pulmonary hypertension | |
| Cor pulmonale | |
| Diastolic dysfunction | |
| Cardiomyopathy | |
| Renal | Papillary necrosis |
| Glomerular sclerosis | |
| Renal failure | |
| Pulmonary | Acute chest syndrome |
| Hypoxemia | |
| Pulmonary infarction | |
| Fibrosis | |
| Asthma | |
| Thromboembolism | |
| Pneumonia | |
| Genitourinary | Priapism |
| Infection | |
| Hepatobiliary | Jaundice |
| Hepatitis | |
| Cirrhosis | |
| Cholelithiasis | |
| Cholestasis | |
| Eye | Retinopathy |
| Hemorrhage | |
| Visual loss | |
| Immune system | Immunosuppression |
| Leukocytosis | |
| Psychosocial | Depression |
| Anxiety | |
| Substance abuse | |
| Opioid dependence |