• Corneal abrasion
• Chemical injury (Hibiclens)
• Photic injury (laser beams, protect eyes with moist gauze pads and metal shields)
• Mild visual symptoms
• Photophobia
• Diplopia
• Blurred vision (residual effects of petroleum-based ophthalmic ointment, or ocular effects of anticholinergic drugs)
• Hemorrhagic retinopathy
• Retinal ischemia (external pressure on globe, increased ocular venous pressure associated with a steep head-down position combined with the prone position, deliberate hypotension and infusion of large amounts of crystalloid solution)
• Central retinal arterial occlusion
• Branch retinal arterial occlusion
• Ischemic optic neuropathy (anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or posterior ischemic optic neuropathy)
• Cortical blindness (reflects brain injury rostral to the optic nerve, emboli, and profound hypotension are common causes; differential diagnosis includes normal optic disc on funduscopy and normal pupillary responses; CT and MRI are helpful in delineating the extent of brain infarction associated with cortical blindness)
• Acute glaucoma
• Postcataract ptosis

CT = computed tomography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.