- Profound vasovagal reaction
- Cardiac dysrhythmias
- Excessive intra-abdominal pressure
- Tension capnothorax/pneumothorax
- Cardiac tamponade (capnomediastinum and capnopericardium)
- Gas embolism
- Acute blood loss: (hidden vs. visible)
- Myocardial ischemia/infarction
- Severe respiratory acidosis (hypercapnia)
- Anesthetic drug related
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