Table 34-12
- Hypovolemia
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia (epidural hematoma)
- Sepsis (increased risk of meningitis)
- Infection at the puncture site
- Pre-existing neurologic disease (there is no evidence that epidural or spinal anesthesia alters the course)
- Patient refusal (absolute contraindication)