- Increased systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure
- Causes: Hypercarbia, neuroendocrine response (increased catecholamines, vasopressin, cortisol), mechanical factors (direct compression of aorta)
- Increased or no change in cardiac filling pressures
- Causes: Compression of intra-abdominal organs (liver, spleen)
- Decreased or no change in cardiac index
- Causes: Increased afterload, decreased venous return and cardiac filling
- Cardiac dysrhythmias (bradycardia or tachycardia)
- Causes: Peritoneal stretch, hypercarbia, hypoxia, capnothorax, pulmonary embolism
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