• Prevention of perioperative delirium (CNS failure)
• Common after vascular surgery and an independent risk factor for mortality
• Alcohol withdrawal a common cause
• Prevention of perioperative stroke
• Carotid revascularization before major vascular surgery
• Atrial fibrillation
• Antiplatelet therapy
• Prevention of spinal cord ischemia
• Short cross-clamping time
• High perfusion pressures
• Gott shunts (risk of atheroemboli)
• Partial bypass
• CSF drainage
• Prevention of perioperative stroke
• Carotid revascularization before major vascular surgery
• Atrial fibrillation
• Antiplatelet therapy

CNS = central nervous system; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid.