Table 42-10
- Age: Greater in infants than older children and adults; the risk decreases with increasing age
- Recent upper respiratory tract infection (<2 wks)
- History of reactive airways disease
- Exposure to second hand smoke
- Airway anomalies
- Airway surgery
- Airway devices: tracheal tubes, laryngeal mask airway
- Stimulating the glottis during a light plane of anesthesia
- Secretions in the oropharynx: blood, excess saliva, gastric juice
- Inhaled anesthesia: desflurane and isoflurane