circulation
(sĭr‵kyŭ-lā'shŏn 
)
[L. circulatio, encirclement]
Movement in a regular or circular course.
anterior c. (of the brain) The most distal portions of the intracranial carotid arteries, the middle cerebral arteries, and the anterior cerebral arteries.
arterial c.Movement of blood through the arteries. It is maintained by the pumping of the heart and influenced by the elasticity and extensibility of arterial walls, peripheral resistance in the areas of small arteries, and the quantity of blood in the body.
assisted c.Use of a mechanical device to augment or replace the action of the heart in pumping blood.
bile salt c.Secretion and reuptake of the sodium glycocholate and taurocholate found in hepatic bile. Bile salts enter the duodenum and emulsify fats in the small intestine. They are resorbed in the terminal ileum and returned to the liver in portal blood.
blood c.The movement of blood through the left atrium and ventricle of the heart, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava, and back to the right side of the heart, into the pulmonary artery, lungs, and left side of the heart again.
SEE: artery; heart; circulatory system; vein.
SEE: under Broca, Pierre-Paul.
collateral c.Circulation established through an anastomosis between two vessels supplying or draining two adjacent vascular areas. This enables blood to bypass an obstruction in the larger vessel that supplies or drains both areas or enables blood to flow to or from a tissue when the principal vessel involved is obstructed.
coronary c.Movement of blood through the vessels of the heart, specifically from the ascending aorta to the epicardial coronary arteries to the penetrating arteries of the myocardium, the coronary arterioles, capillaries, veins, coronary sinus, and into the right atrium. A few of the small veins open directly into the atria and ventricles.
SEE: illus.
enterohepatic c.Circulation in which substances secreted by the liver pass into the intestines where some are absorbed into the bloodstream and returned to the liver and re-secreted. Bile and bile salts follow this pathway.
extracorporeal c.Circulation of blood outside the body. This may be through an artificial kidney or a heart-lung device.
fetal c.The course of the flow of blood in a fetus. Blood oxygenated in the placenta passes through the umbilical vein and the ductus venosus to the inferior vena cava and thence to the right atrium. It then follows one of two courses: through the foramen ovale to the left atrium and thence through the aorta to the tissues, or through the right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and ductus arteriosus to the aorta and thence to the tissues. In either case the blood bypasses the lungs, which do not function before birth. Blood returns to the placenta through the umbilical arteries, which are continuations of the hypogastric arteries. At birth or shortly after, the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale close, establishing the postpartum circulation. If either fails to close, the baby may be hypoxemic.
SEE: illus.; patent ductus arteriosus
hypophyseal c.Superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries (slender branches from arteries of the circle of Willis) that provide blood to the pituitary gland and adjacent regions of the hypothalamus. Venous blood from the pituitary gland drains into the cavernous sinuses and , from there, into the internal jugular veins. Some of the superior hypophyseal arteries form primary capillary beds in the hypothalamus and the veins draining those beds ramify again to form secondary capillary beds in the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary), thus forming a portal circulation (the hypothalamic-pituitary portal circulation). Releasing factors secreted from the hypothalamus into the primary capillary beds reach the adenohypophysis via the secondary capillary beds.
lymph c.The flow of lymph from the tissues into the lymphatic collecting system. Lymph is formed from the tissue fluid within the interstitial spaces of the body and is collected into lymph capillaries, which carry the lymph to the larger lymph vessels. These vessels converge to form one of two main trunks: the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.
The right lymphatic duct drains the right side of the head, neck, and trunk and the right upper extremity and empties into the right subclavian vein.
The thoracic duct drains the rest of the body. It originates at the cisterna chyli, which receives the lymphatics from the abdominal organs and legs, courses upward through the diaphragm and thorax, and empties into the left subclavian vein.
There are lymph nodes along the course of the lymph vessels, which remove bacteria and other foreign materials and prevent their entering into the bloodstream.
Lymph flow is maintained by a difference in pressure at the two ends of the system. Breathing movements and muscular activity are important accessory factors aiding lymph flow.
ABBR: PFC
A condition of newborns in which unoxygenated blood is shunted from the right to the left side of the heart through the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale, resulting in hypoxemia. It is caused by pulmonary hypertension and occurs most frequently in small-for-gestational-age infants and infants of diabetic mothers.portal c.1Blood flow from the abdominal organs that passes through the portal vein, the sinusoids of the liver, and into the hepatic vein before returning to the heart from the inferior vena cava. This pathway permits the liver to process and to detoxify substances entering the body from the gastrointestinal tract.2A portal system between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland . The hypothalamus secretes releasing or inhibiting hormones into the blood; they are carried directly to the anterior pituitary and stimulate or inhibit secretion of specific hormones.
SEE: Hepatic Portal Circulation
pulmonic c.An obsolete term for the pulmonary circulation.
pulmonary c.The flow of blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the pulmonary capillaries, then through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
SEE: illus.
systemic c.The blood flow from the left ventricle through the aorta and all its arteries to the capillaries of the tissues and its return to the heart through veins and the venae cavae, which empty into the right atrium.
SEE: illus.
venous c.Circulation via the veins.
vitelline c.The embryonic circulation of blood to the yolk sac via the vitelline arteries and its return to general circulation through the vitelline veins.