Anaphylactic shock (lowered blood pressure combined with other allergic symptoms) and unconsciousness
Also general malaise and generalized itching or local itching in palms and soles are possible symptoms. Anaphylaxis may also occur without any notable skin symptoms.
Possible panic-related symptoms following a sting (vasovagal reaction, for example) should also be taken into account in differential diagnosis as an alternative explanation.
Anaphylactic reactions caused by insects usually occur in people with Hymenoptera venom allergy. For examinations and treatment, see the section on Hymenoptera below.
Complications caused by bites and stings
A strong local reaction (large, over 10 cm wheal, may last more than 24 hours)
A local reaction close to mucous membranes may cause airway obstruction (e.g. in the pharynx or on a lip).
A skin infection with formation of pus (pyoderma) may develop at the site of the sting or bite. This is particularly common in tourists. See the article on skin disorders in tourists Skin Problems in Returning Travellers.
An abscess, erysipelas or cellulitis may rarely develop at the site of the sting or bite.
In people sensitized to Hymenoptera venom, a sting may lead to anaphylaxis.
Clinically significant infections spread by Arthropoda in Finland include
tularaemia spread by mosquitoes and sometimes by ticks, black-flies or horseflies Tularaemia
Pogosta disease Pogosta Disease and Inkoo encephalitis, both spread by certain mosquito species.
Investigations
Patient history and clinical examination form the cornerstones of diagnosis.
It is important to assess the site of the sting or bite (erythema migrans, necrotic papule or ulcer, picture 1) and any other skin symptoms (e.g. urticaria, itching) as well as mucosal and general symptoms (fever, joint symptoms, neurological symptoms).
The diagnosis of early stage borreliosis (erythema migrans) and tularaemia (eschar, febrile lymphadenopathy) is clinical, and the treatment is started based on clinical judgment.
In patients with a Hymenoptera-induced systemic reaction (anaphylaxis), specific serum IgE antibodies to wasp and bee venoms should be tested for 1-2 months after the reaction (see below).
In purulent sting/bite site infections, bacterial culture may be needed.
In unclear cases, histological examination of a skin biopsy may show a typical insect bite/sting reaction but this is not completely diagnostic.
Diptera (mosquitoes and flies)
Mosquitoes
A mosquito bite causes a rapidly developing urticaria-like papule that almost always disappears spontaneously but that may also result in a long-lasting, itching papule in sensitized persons.
Large papules and even vesicles may occur.
Antihistamines, such as 10 mg cetirizine once daily, have been shown to alleviate the symptoms of mosquito allergy, particularly if taken prophylactically
Black flies
Black flies cannot bite through clothing but may bite by crawling underneath. Many people develop a reaction of papules that may last to up to a few weeks.
People allergic to the venom may develop a more extensive local oedematous reaction.
Black-fly bites usually produce severe itching, and scratching may cause ulceration or infection
Biting midges
The biting midge is smaller that the black fly and may be found in large swarms.
They penetrate mosquito nets and also get into city houses where they may bite if they get under the bed covers.
Deer louse flies
Deer louse flies make their way to the hairy scalp and under clothing so the bites are located mainly around head and back.
At the site of the bite a papule appears that may suppurate and last for several days, and some people develop nodules that may last up to several months (picture 2).
Cause problems late in the summer.
Insect repellents are not efficient.
Horseflies
A horsefly bite often causes a large swollen papule with a watery spot in the middle.
Treatment
For topical treatment, class II to III glucocorticoid ointments or combinations of a glucocorticoid and an antiseptic agent may be used once or twice daily for 1 to 2 weeks.
For clearly infected bite sites, an antimicrobial ointment can be used 2 to 3 times a day for 1 to 2 weeks.
Moist or cold compresses or a cooling gel will alleviate the symptoms.
For strong reactions, a 1-3-day course of oral glucocorticoids, such as 40 mg/day of prednisolone, may be given.
Hymenoptera
Because of the venom, a wasp, (honey)bee or bumblebee sting immediately causes severe pain and swelling at the site of the sting.
In Finland, sensitization to Hymenoptera venom causes many potentially fatal anaphylactic reactions annually.
People allergic to wasps are not usually allergic to bee venom and vice versa.
Treatment
The sting site should be immobilized to avoid the venom from spreading further.
Any bee sting remaining in the skin should be removed quickly to prevent the whole contents of the venom pouch from being emptied into the skin. The best way to do this is by scraping over the surface of the skin with a thin, flat object such as a credit card or coin. The sting of a wasp or a bumblebee leaves the skin when the insect detaches itself.
Cold compresses, cold packs or a cooling gel are good first-aid measures.
People who have been stung several times should be observed for any systemic symptoms.
Anaphylactic reactions
Acute anaphylactic reactions should be treated like anaphylaxis, and any further exposure to Hymenoptera should be avoided.
After a systemic reaction (anaphylaxis) to Hymenoptera, allergy testing and an assessment of the possibility of desensitization therapy is recommended.
For first aid, the patient should carry an adrenaline injector, and additionally oral glucocorticoid, for example a single 40 mg dose of prednisolone, as well as an antihistamine at double dose, e.g. cetirizine 10 mg 2 tablets in one go or a preparation that dissolves on the tongue.
Examinations in case of anaphylaxis
In a patient who has had an generalized reaction, the IgE antibodies to wasp and bee venoms, as well as the specific allergen components of the venoms, may be examined already in primary health care, depending on the availability of laboratory examinations.
Test packages are also available.
Distinguishing true wasp and bee allergy from cross-sensitivity is easier than before with the help of the allergen components.
IgE response is usually detectable only 1-2 months after the sting.
If the patient has had a typical systemic reaction to Hymenoptera but the results of specific IgE tests are negative, the examinations should be repeated or consulting specialized care should be considered.
Measure also serum tryptase concentration to exclude mastocytosis in patients who have had an anaphylactic reaction to Hymenoptera venom. The test should be taken in a non-acute phase (e.g. 1-2 months after the reaction).
Desensitization (allergy to Hymenoptera)
Can be carried out in patiens who have had a severe systemic reaction (anaphylaxis) and who have a verified allergy to Hymenoptera.
In the case of a mild systemic reaction (local reaction and urticaria or mucosal swelling) desensitization may be considered if repeated stings are highly probable or the fear of stings affects the quality of the patient's life.
An extensive local reaction does not warrant desensitization.
In patients allergic to Hymenoptera, desensitization should be continued for 5 years, after which it will remain effective for at least 7 years in most patients (at least 80%).
The knowledge that desensitization will probably prevent anaphylactic reactions will improve the quality of life.
The blood-sucking species parasitic in man are head lice, body lice and pubic lice Head Lice and Pubic Lice.
Head lice epidemics may occur at schools and in day care centres.
Body lice are nowadays rare; they appear primarly in people living in conditions with poor hygiene (e.g. individuals with alcohol or drug abuse problems, homeless persons).
Ordinary washing of the clothes in a washing machine is sufficient for cleaning them.
Pubic lice are usually sexually transmitted; symptoms include itching and pustules in the genital area and nits in the pubic hair.
Bedbugs occur in old, dirty buildings. They may be transferred with old furniture. Bedbugs suck blood at night.
Fleas of birds, dogs, cats (e.g. the Cheyletiella tick) and rodents also bite humans.
Symptoms occur most frequently in the spring (people cleaning bird nests or visiting summer houses for the first time after the winter).
Bedbug and flea bites cause solid, intensely itching papules with a bite mark (petechia) at the centre. These are most often seen in areas covered by clothes.
Skin changes may persist for several days, and only sensitized patients will have symptoms.
A wheal or more extensive swelling may develop immediately at the bite site, and it can easily be mistaken for a first symptom of erysipelas or other bacterial infection.
Papules are usually seen in groups of a few bites (pictures 34) but rows of bites are also common.
Apparently, fleas often cause a papular urticaria that children sometimes have in the summer (strophulus or lichen urticatus). The patient usually has no idea of the cause of the rash, and diagnosis is difficult.
Sensitization is required, which explains why not all family members have symptoms.
Treatment
Treatment with a class II to III glucocorticoid ointment or solution once or twice daily for 1 to 2 weeks is often sufficient for bedbug and flea bites.
Extermination of bedbugs from human homes requires expertise to find where they are hiding and to poison them.
Larvae
The hair of the larvae of some moths (e.g. fox moth) may cause both toxic and allergic reactions.
Ticks
The Ixodes ricinus tick spreads borreliosis Lyme Borreliosis (LB), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and rarely tularaemia.
Tick bites are painless and may go unnoticed.
Ticks are active in Finland from April to October or November, and their favourite sites include lawns, grass, low bushes and the herbaceous undergrowth in woodland areas.
The best protection is to wear long boots and trousers.
When moving in areas with ticks, one should remember to examine the skin and clothes for ticks every night and remove any that are found.
For Borrelia bacteria to be transferred from tick to human, the tick needs to be attached to the skin for at least several hours or even several days; therefore, ticks should be sought and removed as soon as possible.
The most typical symptom of the early stage is an expanding erythema, erythema migrans (EM), appearing within about a week around the tick bite.
Within a few days or weeks, the erythema often spreads to 5 to 10 cm or sometimes many times this diameter and may subsequently disappear spontaneously.
As a rule, it is believed that a skin lesion of 5 cm in diameter observed 5 days after a tick bite is consistent with a diagnosis of EM. Smaller and quicker reactions may represent inflammation due to ingredients in tick saliva.
The diagnosis of Lyme disease is always based on clinical signs. Early cases represent the overwhelming majority of all diagnosed infections and it is therefore no use performing antibody tests.
Laboratory tests (serum Borrelia antibodies) are needed for diagnosis at later stages.
Removing a tick from the skin
Grasp the tick as close as possible to the skin with tweezers (small tweezers with pointed tips).
Try to remove the whole tick by slow vertical traction only. Removal with oil or ointments is not worth trying. If the tick's head remains in the skin, it can be dug out with a needle, for example, after disinfecting the skin.
Spiders
No life-threatening spider species live naturally in Finland.
Spiders usually bite people only when inadvertently pressed against the skin.
The water spider (Argyroneta aquatica) is the most poisonous naturally occurring spider in Finland, and the effect of its bite is equivalent to that of a wasp sting.
The bites of the raft spider and large garden spiders may be painful.
They are treated like the Hymenoptera stings.
Protection from insect stings and bites
Clothing should cover as much as possible of the body, and this is particularly important for small children.
Light-coloured clothes with long sleeves and long legs should be preferred. Mosquitoes, for example, may sting through thin clothing.
Protect the head with headgear and ankles and feet, particularly, with socks and shoes. Socks can be pulled up over trouser legs. Closed shoes are preferable to sandals.
Insect repellents
The active ingredients in insect repellents sold in Finland are DEET (diethyltoluamide), icaridin or IR3535.
The effect of insect repellents usually lasts a few hours but intensive sweating shortens the period of activity.
The strengths and periods of efficacy of repellents correlate to each other, i.e. the strongest repellents always have the longest period of activity.
A mosquito repellent should preferably have a concentration of at least 20%.
A DEET product of over 35% can be recommended if there are really many mosquitoes in the area, if the mosquito repellent quickly evaporates from the skin or for people moving in nature in a terrain where there may be ticks.
50% solutions are effective against ticks and 20% solutions against mosquitoes, black-flies and biting midges if used according to the instructions given on the package.
Insect repellents are not effective against deer louse flies, wasps, bees or bumblebees.