Anatomical or functional obstruction of the urethra or the bladder neck, such as urethral stricture or poor opening, as a consequence of e.g. a trauma or an operation.
Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in a neurogenic bladder associated with, for example, spinal cord disease or injury.
Poorly contracting detrusor muscle (detrusor myopathy) due to an emptying obstruction and/or overdistension
In women, prolapse of the uterus or urethral mucous membrane