Patients with obstructive jaundice that can be treated surgically or endoscopically should be promptly identified. Upper abdominal ultrasonography should be performed urgently on acutely icteric patients.
Investigations are performed to disclose whether jaundice due to hepatic cell damage is associated with acute or chronic liver disease.
True icterus should be differentiated from Gilbert's syndrome Gilbert's Syndrome and from hypercarotinaemia that is found in patients who eat a lot of carrots.
Definition
Jaundice is observed in the skin or sclerae, or plasma bilirubin is > 40 .
Pathophysiological classification of jaundice
Haemolysis or Gilbert's syndrome
The bilirubin is unconjugated (total bilirubin is increased, conjugated bilirubin is not). Results of other liver function tests (ALT, ALP) are normal.
Parenchymal jaundice
The concentration of conjugated bilirubin is increased.
Acute jaundice
Acute viral hepatitis
Drug-induced hepatitis or by herbal products
Right-sided heart failure
Postoperative jaundice
Sepsis
Intravenous nutrition
Chronic jaundice
Alcoholic hepatitis
Cirrhosis of the liver
Autoimmune hepatitis
Chronic viral hepatitis (HBV, HCV)
Hepatoma
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Liver metastases
Obstructive jaundice
Common bile duct stone
Cholecystitis
Carcinoma of the pancreas
Cholangiocarcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts
Acute or chronic pancreatitis
Spasm of sphincter of Oddi
Postoperative stricture of the biliary ducts
Icterus due to hypercarotinemia
There is no icterus on the sclerae.
Liver function tests are normal; usually a history and normal physical findings are sufficient for making the diagnosis.
The patient's history
Duration of the jaundice
Itch (suggestive of obstruction or intrahepatic cholestasis)
Abdominal pain (common in obstruction but may also occur in alcoholic hepatitis)
Cholecystectomy
Loss of appetite (viral hepatitis)
Loss of weight (malignancies)
Travel abroad, contact with an icteric patient, transfusions
Drugs
Consumption of alcohol; ask the patient's family or friends, too.
Palpable, untender gallbladder (carcinoma of the pancreas)
Injection scars
Upper abdominal ultrasonography
An acutely jaundiced patient should be referred to hospital for the following morning. If obstructive icterus lasts for more than three weeks a permanent liver damage results. The obstruction should be relieved before that.
Ultrasonography can differentiate obstructive jaundice from parenchymal jaundice: the intrahepatic bile ducts are usually dilated in obstructive jaundice, although they may be normal during the first few days. Gallbladder stones, cholecystitis, and hepatic metastases can be visualized.
Laboratory investigations
Basic blood count with platelets, CRP, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, GGT, plasma or urine amylase, plasma albumin,prothrombin time or INR
If the infrahepatic bile ducts are not dilated and the cause of jaundice is not clear after the aforementioned investigations, examine the following:
to disclose alcoholic aetiology: plasma ethanol, blood PEth
to disclose haemolysis: blood reticulocyte count, plasma lactate dehydrogenase and haptoglobin concentrations, Coombs' test
Especially when other liver function tests are normal
Increased MCV, increased GGT/alkaline phosphatase ratio, increased AST/ALT ratio, increased IgA or blood PEth or positive plasma ethanol suggest alcoholic liver disease.
Decreased plasma albumin or increased INR suggest parenchymal disease.
Other investigations
MRI cholangiography is the method for screening the cause of obstruction before ERCP if the pretest probability of gallstones is low or moderate.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) is the best investigation for finding out the location and type of obstruction. If needed, the obstruction can be alleviated by extraction of stone or by stenting the malignant stricture.
Doppler ultrasonography (changes or obstruction of flow in the portal vein and hepatic veins), CT or MRI are performed in special cases (haemochromatosis, tumours)
Liver biopsy is the best method to investigate the aetiology, severity and prognosis of chronic liver disease (liver enzyme concentrations increased > 6 months).