Editors

EBMG

Vaccines in Alphabetical Order

This article deals with vaccines in alphabetical order. There are links to more detailed information provided by some key authorities and other articles in the EBM Guidelines. See also article Vaccinations Vaccinations.

Notice that this article has been written in the Finnish context. Since there may be significant variation across countries or regions in vaccination coverage and schedules, the vaccines used, and their indications, some information in this article may not be applicable in all settings. Always consult also national or regional guidance on vaccines. European (EU/EEA) health authorities involved in vaccination can be found at the European Vaccination Information Portalhttp://vaccination-info.europa.eu/en/information-eueea-health-authorities.

In each vaccine-specific section below, the following resources are primarily linked to:

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC): The Vaccine Scheduler provides information on the status and timing of each vaccination in EU/EEA countries. The links below point to a table displaying the data on a given vaccine in all EU/EEA countries. If single country view is preferred, please use the Advanced Search at http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/.
World Health Organization (WHO): The Fact Sheets provide an overview of different medical conditions, with links to further WHO materials, including prevention and vaccination. In some cases, when a Fact Sheet was not found for a given condition, there may be links pointing to some other WHO materials. Included are also links to vaccine information by the WHO Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals department http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): the primary link target for each vaccine is in the section Information for Healthcare Professionals. Alternatively, if such a page was not found, the link may point to some other CDC materials.

Further information on vaccines can be found from these sources. These are not included in the vaccine-specific sections below.

ECDC
- Immunisation and vaccines http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/immunisation-and-vaccines
- Public health topicshttp://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics
- Vaccine-preventable diseaseshttp://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/immunisation-vaccines/facts/vaccine-preventable-diseases
European Vaccination Information Portal: Disease factsheetshttp://vaccination-info.europa.eu/en/disease-factsheets.
CDC
- Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations (formal background of CDC policies) http://www.cdc.gov/acip-recs/hcp/vaccine-specific/index.html
- Vaccines & Immunizations (for the general public)http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/index.html

BCG, or tuberculosis vaccine

The BCG vaccine gives good protection against severe forms of tuberculosis in childhood, meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. It is clearly less effective against other forms of tuberculosis.
Newborn babies are vaccinated because infants are the most susceptible to developing tuberculosis after having been infected.
A single administration of the BCG vaccine is recommended.
EBM Guidelines
- BCG vaccination Bcg Vaccine
- Diagnosis of tuberculosis Diagnosing Tuberculosis
- Exposure to tuberculous infection Exposure to Tuberculous Infection
- Antitubercular medication in ambulatory care Antitubercular Medication in Ambulatory Care
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=14&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis, vaccine http://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards/vaccines-quality/bcg
CDC Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis http://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

Ebola Zaire vaccine

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a serious viral haemorrhagic fever often leading to death.
Ervebo^® is an Ebola Zaire vaccine for adults of 18 years or older for active immunization against Ebola virus disease (EVD) caused by the Zaire Ebola virus. So far, the World Health Organization only allows use of the vaccine in an emergency.
EBM Guidelines: Viral diseases in warm climates Viral Diseases in Warm Climates

Cholera vaccine

Cholera vaccination is recommended for people staying in endemic areas in poor hygienic conditions, such as in refugee camps or similar circumstances.
The cholera vaccine contains inactivated bacteria.
EBM Guidelines: Diarrhoeal diseases caused by microbes Diarrhoeal Diseases Caused by Microbes
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler: not available
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera, vaccine http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/cholera
CDC Cholera Vaccines http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/prevention/cholera-vaccines.html

COVID-19 vaccines

The recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination depend on the person's age, any underlying diseases and the number of vaccinations and COVID-19 infections in their history.
The vaccines provide excellent protection against serious disease and death.
There are various types of vaccines available, see article Vaccinations Vaccinations.
EBM Guidelines: COVID-19 infection and other coronavirus infections Covid-19 and other Coronavirus Infections
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=52&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19), vaccines http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines
CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Clinical & Professional Resources http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/index.html

Dengue vaccine

Dengue fever and its serious form dengue shock syndrome are the most significant arbovirus infections worldwide. The infection is transmitted between people by mosquitos.
The available dengue vaccine contains live attenuated viruses and is intended for people aged 4 years or older. It protects people with a history of dengue fever from all 4 dengue serotypes. It provides good protection for dengue-naive people against dengue serotypes 1 and 2 but not serotype 3.
EBM Guidelines: Viral diseases in warm climates / Dengue fever Viral Diseases in Warm Climates
ECDC: dengue http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue
WHO Fact Sheet: dengue and severe dengue http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue, vaccine http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/dengue
CDC Dengue Vaccination: Information for Healthcare Professionals http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/dengue/hcp/index.html

Hepatitis vaccines

According to current knowledge, two doses of hepatitis A vaccine provide lifelong protection against hepatitis A, the first dose given no earlier than at the age of 12 months, the second dose 6-12 months later.
With the hepatitis B vaccine, 3 doses are needed for lifelong protection, the second dose given 1 month and the third dose 6 months after the first one.
A combination vaccine is also available. According to current knowledge, it provides lifelong protection.
EBM Guidelines: Viral hepatitis Viral Hepatitis
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler: hepatitis A http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=16&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1, hepatitis B http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=6&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheet hepatitis A http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a, hepatitis B http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b, Vaccines for Hepatitis A, B, and E http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/hepatitis
CDC Hepatitis A and B Vaccination: Information for Healthcare Professionals: hepatitis A http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hepa/hcp/index.html, hepatitis B http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hepb/hcp/index.html

Hib vaccine

The Hib vaccine gives protection against serious infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria (respiratory tract infections, meningitis, epiglottitis, sepsis, pneumonia, arthritis and osteitis).
Included in many countries in their national immunization programmes.
In addition, the Hib vaccine is recommended for special groups such as splenectomy patients.
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=5&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-(hib), vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/haemophilus-influenza-type-b-(hib)
CDC Hib Vaccination: Information for Healthcare Professionals http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hib/hcp/index.html

HPV, or human papillomavirus vaccine

The HPV vaccine can be used particularly to prevent cancer of the cervix and its precursors.
Included in many countries in their national immunization programmes.
EBM Guidelines: Human papillomavirus infection Human Papillomavirus (Hpv) Infection
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=38&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer, vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/human-papillomavirus-vaccines-(HPV)
CDC Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Information for Clinicians http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/index.html

Influenza vaccine

The national recommendations for influenza vaccination are reviewed periodically.
Seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended for those for whom influenza is an essential health risk, or who gain significant health benefits from the vaccination.
Regardless of the person's age, the same inactivated injectable vaccine is used. From the age of 2 years, a nasal spray vaccine can also be used.
The efficacy of the vaccine varies considerably by season.
EBM Guidelines: Influenza Influenza
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=15&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal), vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/seasonal-influenza
CDC Influenza Vaccination: Information for Healthcare Professionalshttp://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/flu/hcp/index.html

Japanese encephalitis vaccine

Vaccination protection should be considered for those staying for a longer period (normally more than 4 weeks) in rural areas of endemic areas (Southeast Asian countries east of India) during risk of the disease or are outdoors more for hobbies or their occupation.
Basic protection can be achieved by 2 doses given 28 days apart, or for more rapid protection in people aged 18 to 65 years, 7 days apart.
The first booster dose should be given 12 to 24 months after the primary series and the second booster after 6 to 10 years.
EBM Guidelines: Viral diseases in warm climates Viral Diseases in Warm Climates
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler: not available
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis, vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/japanese-encephalitis
CDC Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Information for Healthcare Providers http://www.cdc.gov/japanese-encephalitis/hcp/vaccine/

Meningococcal vaccines

Meningococcal vaccine is included in many countries' national immunization programmes. Alternatively, the vaccination may be recommended for certain risk groups only, such as people doing their military service.
Vaccination is recommended for travellers staying outside tourist destinations, in areas where meningococcal diseases occur constantly or in epidemics.
Combination vaccines against meningococcal serogroups A, C, W and Y are available. In addition, there are vaccines protecting against meningococcus B infection. National policies vary concerning selection of vaccines.
Meningococcal conjugate vaccines against group A, C, W and Y diseases
- Menveo^® : from the age of 2 years, one dose
- Nimenrix^® : from the age of 6 weeks, one dose
Recombinant protein vaccines against group B disease
- Bexsero^® : a four-component combination protein vaccine produced by recombinant DNA technology for use from the age of 2 months, 2 doses given 1 month apart
- Trumenba^® : a two-component lipoprotein vaccine produced by recombinant DNA technology for use from the age of 10 years, 2 doses given 6 months apart or 3 doses with the first dose followed by doses after 1 and 6 months
EBM Guidelines: Meningitis in adults Meningitis in Adults
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=48&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis, vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/meningitis
CDC Meningococcal Vaccination: Information for Healthcare Professionals http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mening/hcp/index.html

MMR, or measles, mumps and rubella vaccine

All children and adults should have immunity against measles, mumps and rubella, either through having had the disease or protection provided by MMR vaccinations.
The MMR vaccine should be administered if a person is not fully protected against one of these diseases. The vaccine is usually part of national immunization programmes.
The primary MMR vaccination series consists of 2 doses. The MMRV vaccine is also available, providing protection against chickenpox (varicella) too.
EBM Guidelines:
- Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) Measles, Mumps and Rubella (Mmr)
- Chickenpox Chickenpox
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler: measles http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=8&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1, mumps http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=9&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1, rubella http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=10&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheets: measles http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles, mumps (not available), rubella http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rubella; Vaccines: measles http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/measles, mumps http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/mumps, rubella http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/rubella
CDC Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination: Information for Healthcare Providers http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/index.html

Mpox vaccine

Mpox vaccination is recommended for people aged 18 years or older in increased risk of catching mpox, for example for:
- men who have sex with men and have had multiple casual sexual partners during the previous 6 months
- men who take PrEP medication to prevent getting HIV and have sex with men
- men who are waiting for PrEP treatment and have sex with men
- people who have been exposed to mpox and their close contacts according to individual assessment.
Vaccination can also be given to people travelling to the mpox epidemic area in Africa who are at particular risk of exposure and where other protective measures are not sufficient.
- Persons who are in occupational or other prolonged or repeated physical contact with local people in the area (e.g. health care work or visiting locals).
- For a list of countries at risk, see.http://thl.fi/aiheet/infektiotaudit-ja-rokotukset/rokotteet-a-o/m-rokkorokote
The series of vaccinations for risk groups includes 2 doses no less than 4 weeks apart. Those exposed to mpox and their close contacts should be given 1 dose as soon as possible but no later than 14 days after exposure.
The Jynneos^® vaccine contains live, attenuated viruses closely related to smallpox viruses.
EBM Guidelines: Mpox Mpox (Monkeypox)
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler: not available
WHO Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mpox
CDC Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of Vaccine for Mpox Prevention in the United States http://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/vaccine-considerations/vaccination-overview.html

Pneumococcal vaccines

These vaccines prevent meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis and otitis media caused by pneumococci.
Included in many countries in their national immunization programmes.
Two conjugate vaccines (Synflorix^® , registered for children aged under 5 years only, and Prevenar 13^® , registered for children and adults) and one polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovax^® , registered for children aged 2 years or older and adults) are available for the prevention of pneumococcal diseases.
In some cases, both vaccine types may be used, e.g. in special groups of children aged under 5 with a chronic illness.
EBM Guidelines:
- Meningitis in adults Meningitis in Adults
- Meningitis in children Meningitis in Children
- Sepsis Sepsis
- Pneumonia Pneumonia
- Pneumonia in children Pneumonia in Children
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=25&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO Fact Sheets: meningitis http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis, pneumonia in children http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia, sepsis http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sepsis, vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/pneumonia
CDC Meningococcal Vaccination: Information for Healthcare Professionals http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mening/hcp/index.html

Polio vaccine (IPV)

Polio vaccinations afford good protection against the disease with paralysis symptoms.
Included in many countries in their national immunization programmes.
In 2014, the WHO declared the international spread of wild poliovirus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and issued corresponding Temporary Recommendations that are even now periocally updated. The statements of the Polio IHR Emergency Committee contain information on the situation in different countries http://www.who.int/groups/poliovirus-ihr-emergency-committee, which should be taken into account when travelling.
EBM Guidelines: Polio and postpolio syndrome Poliomyelitis and Post-Polio Syndrome
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=4&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis, vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/poliomyelitis-(polio)
CDC Polio Vaccination: Information for Healthcare Professionals http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/polio/hcp/index.html

Rabies vaccine

Rabies is a lethal disease that can always be prevented by appropriate vaccination and immunoglobulin treatment given immediately after exposure.
A prophylactic series of rabies vaccinations is recommended for all those exposed in their work and for travellers on a case-by-case basis.
EBM Guidelines: Suspected exposure to rabies Suspicion of Rabies Exposure
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=30&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies, vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/rabies
CDC Rabies http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/

Rotavirus vaccine

The rotavirus vaccine prevents serious rotavirus infections causing vomiting and diarrhoea.
Included in many countries in their national immunization programmes.
EBM Guidelines:
- Microbial diarrhoea Diarrhoeal Diseases Caused by Microbes
- Diarrhoea and vomiting in children Diarrhoea and Vomiting in Children
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=32&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO Rotavirus infections http://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/rotavirus-infections, vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/rotavirus
CDC Rotavirus Vaccination: Information for Healthcare Professionals http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/rotavirus/hcp/index.html

RSV vaccine

The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of bronchiolitis in infants. RSV may also cause significant morbidity among the elderly. A vaccine is available.
EBM Guidelines: Respiratory distress in an infant Difficulty Breathing in a Child
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=53&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/respiratory-syncytial-virus-(rsv), vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/rotavirus
CDC Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Immunizations http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/rsv/index.html

Shingles (herpes zoster) vaccine

The herpes zoster vaccine reduces the risk of shingles and postherpetic neuralgia in patients over 50 years of age.
The standard vaccination series for shingles vaccine containing purified antigen includes 2 doses. This vaccine can also be given to people aged 18 years and over who are at increased risk of shingles.
EBM Guidelines: Shingles, herpes zoster Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler: not available
WHO Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/shingles-(herpes-zoster)
CDC Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Vaccination Information for Healthcare Providers http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/shingles/hcp/index.html

TBE, or tick vaccine

The TBE vaccine gives protection against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE).
Recommended especially in endemic areas.
EBM Guidelines: Encephalitis Encephalitis
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=27&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Tick-borne encephalitis http://www.who.int/health-topics/tick-borne-encephalitis, vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/tick-borne-encephalitis
CDC Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccine Information for Healthcare Providers http://www.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/hcp/vaccine/index.html

Tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough (pertussis), poliomyelitis and Hib combination vaccines

Diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough (pertussis) vaccines are included in various combination vaccines used for primary and booster vaccination of people of various ages.
Included in many countries in their national immunization programmes.
In many countries, the whooping cough vaccine is either recommended or mandatory for people in occupations where they take care of infants, e.g. below the age of 12 months.
EBM Guidelines:
- Diphtheria Diphtheria
- Tetanus Tetanus
- Whooping cough Whooping Cough
- Poliomyelitis and postpolio syndrome Poliomyelitis and Post-Polio Syndrome
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler: diphtheria http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=1&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1, tetanus http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=2&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1, whooping cough http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=3&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1, poliomyelitis http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=4&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO Fact Sheets: diphtheria http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diphtheria, tetanus http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tetanus, whooping cough (not available), poliomyelitis http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis; WHO Health Topics: pertussis http://www.who.int/health-topics/pertussis; Vaccines: diphtheria http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/diphtheria, tetanus http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/tetanus, pertussis http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/pertussis, poliomyelitis http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/poliomyelitis-(polio)
CDC Vaccination Information for Healthcare Professionals: polio http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/polio/hcp/index.html, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/dtap-tdap-td/hcp/index.html

Typhoid vaccines

Typhoid vaccination should be considered if a person stays longer than for a typical holiday trip of a couple of weeks in endemic areas outside normal tourist areas, either in rural areas or in small towns in Asian, African or South American countries.
Typhim Vi^® is an inactivated vaccine administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and Vivotif^® is a live, attenuated typhoid vaccine taken orally. ViATIM^® is an inactivated combination vaccine against hepatitis A and typhoid fever that is administered intramuscularly.
Children below 2 years of age may have a weak immune response, and vaccination is therefore not recommended for them.
The need for a booster dose for travellers remains unclear. The manufacturer recommends boosters every 3 years if there is continuous risk of typhoid fever.
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler: not available
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/typhoid, vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/typhoid
CDC Typhoid Vaccine VIS http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/current-vis/typhoid.html

Varicella vaccine

The varicella vaccine gives protection against chickenpox and its secondary diseases, which are infected blisters and an extensive bacterial skin infection, encephalitis and pneumonia.
Included in many countries in their national immunization programmes.
EBM Guidelines: Chickenpox Chickenpox
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=11&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1
WHO: Fact Sheet not available, vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/varicella
CDC Varicella Vaccination Information for Healthcare Professionals http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/varicella/hcp/index.html

Yellow fever vaccine

Yellow fever vaccination is primarily recommended for those over 9 months of age travelling to areas endemic for yellow fever, particularly outside cities and in areas with jungle or savanna.
Many countries require travellers coming into the country to have certificates of yellow fever vaccination, particularly if their travel route went through areas endemic for yellow fever. Even spending more than 12 hours at an airport in an endemic area when changing planes is considered to present a risk.
One vaccine dose gives lifelong protection. No booster is therefore needed, and according to International Health Regulations, countries must not stipulate booster doses for international travel.
ECDC Vaccine Scheduler: not available
WHO: Fact Sheet http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever, vaccines http://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/yellow-fever
CDC Yellow Fever Vaccine Information for Healthcare Providers http://www.cdc.gov/yellow-fever/hcp/vaccine/

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