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Listeriosis
Essentials
- Pregnant women, persons with immunodeficiency and elderly persons with multiple diseases must avoid foods that are rich with listeria and are eaten without heating.
- Ampicillin is effective against listeria, but cefuroxime is not.
Epidemiology
- Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium found in soil, quite commonly in foods in small quantities and in the normal flora of the intestinal tract of animals and humans (ca. 5%).
- Listeriosis is rare. In 2017, the overall notification rate was 0.42 per 100 000 population in 30 EU/EEA countries, with the incidence rate varying between 0 and 1.77 http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/listeriosis-annual-epidemiological-report-2017.pdf. See also ECDC Surveillance and disease data for listeriosis http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/listeriosis/surveillance-and-disease-data.
- The infection may be acquired through ingestion of unheated food rich with listeria. Both single cases and foodborne epidemics have been reported. The incubation time usually varies between weeks and several months.
- The foetus can be infected through the mother. Other forms of person-to-person transmission do not occur.
- Pregnant women, newborn infants, persons with immunodeficiency and elderly persons with multiple diseases are more susceptible to the infection.
Symptoms
- Sepsis and meningitis are the most important clinical presentations, with a possible 15-25% mortality rate depending on the primary disease and the accuracy of antimicrobial therapy.
- Listeriosis during pregnancy may be a mild flu-like disease. It may result in abortion or early sepsis of the newborn. The newborn child may develop meningitis days or weeks after delivery (late-onset listeriosis of the newborn).
- Listeriosis in individuals with no underlying risk factors may present as a mild cold-like illness or gastroenteritis.
Diagnosis
- Diagnosis is based on culture of normally sterile tissue, e.g. blood or cerebrospinal fluid (staining shows gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria), where listeria is grown with standard methods.
- Special request is needed for listeria culture from other samples (e.g. faeces, cervical mucus). The interpretation of a faeces result may be difficult as asymptomatic carriage also occurs.
Treatment
- Intravenous ampicillin with the dose of 2 g 6 times daily is the first-line drug in an adult. Synergism with aminoglycosides may prove clinically useful.
- Consult an infectious-disease specialist regarding the treatment of patients with penicillin allergy; trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole or meropenem, for example, have been used.
- A gastroenteritis with mild symptoms in an immunocompetent, non-pregnant person does not require treatment. If treatment is needed, amoxicillin or trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole may be used.
- Cephalosporins are not effective against listeria.
- There is no scientific data on the duration of treatment. Relapses have been described in short treatments, so usually in bacteraemia at least 2 weeks' and in meningitis 3 weeks' treatment is recommended, and even longer treatment is recommended for persons with immunodeficiency.
References
- Janakiraman V. Listeriosis in pregnancy: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Rev Obstet Gynecol 2008 Fall;1(4):179-85. [PubMed]
- van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupova O, et al. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22 Suppl 3:S37-62. [PubMed]
- Thønnings S, Knudsen JD, Schønheyder HC, et al. Antibiotic treatment and mortality in patients with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis or bacteraemia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22(8):725-30. [PubMed]
- Goulet V. What can we do to prevent listeriosis in 2006? Clin Infect Dis 2007 Feb 15;44(4):529-30. [PubMed]