Symptom | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
Fever | 98-100 |
Headache | 62-90 |
Back ache | 54-82 |
Abdominal pain | 43-67 |
Nausea / vomiting | 58-84 |
Myalgia | 27-69 |
Oliguria (< 400 ml/24 hrs) | 54-70 |
Polyuria (> 2 000 ml/24 hrs) | 97 |
Visual disturbances | 12-36 |
Petechiae | 1-12 |
Diarrhoea | 12-20 |
Cough | 6-32 |
Vertigo* | 12-25 |
* CNS symptoms like headache, nausea, vertigo and fatigue are commonly encountered in patients admitted to hospital. Some patients may have symptoms suggesting encephalitis, like confusion and sleepiness. | |
Investigations
| |
* Usually 3 to 7 days after the onset of fever | |
The result of chemical urine screening test taken at arrival at hospital predicts well how high the plasma creatinine concentration will rise during hospital care. A large sum of positive findings in the dipstick test (albuminuria, haematuria, glucosuria) predicts the emergence of severe kidney injury. | |
In some patients, increased haemoglobin or haematocrit values are found in the acute phase; later on, anaemia is common. | |
Disturbances in electrolyte balance are common but their clinical significance is usually marginal.
Chest x-ray
ECG
Ultrasonography of the kidneys
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Course of the disease
Treatment
Follow-up
Prognosis and compensation
Prevention
References
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