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References
Vaccinations - Related Resources
Cochrane reviews
Multi-component acellular
pertussis vaccine
s appear to be effective, and show less
adverse effects
than whole-cell pertussis vaccines for the primary series
as
well as for booster doses
Acellular Vs Whole Cell Whooping Cough Vaccines
.
Polysaccharine vaccines against
serogroup A meningococcal
meningitis
are highly effective in persons over 5 years of
age
, and probably effective even in younger
age groups
Polysaccharide Vaccines for Preventing Serogroup A Meningococcal Meningitis
.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are effective in reducing the
incidence
of invasive pneumococcal
disease
and x-ray confirmed
pneumonia
in children under two years of age
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines for Preventing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Pneumonia in Children Under Two Years of Age
.
Pneumococcal
vaccination
during
pregnancy
may not reduce
infant
infections .
Patient
reminder
and recall systems are effective in improving
immunization
rates in primary care settings within developed countries
Patient Reminder and Recall Systems to Improve Immunization Rates
.
The
protection
rate against influenza appers not to decrease over years when vaccination is given annually
Protection Against Influenza after Annually Repeated Vaccination
.
Influenza
vaccination for the
elderly
appears to be most effective against
complications
in long-term care facilities, but the usefulness of vaccines in the community may be modest
Vaccines for Preventing Influenza in the Elderly
.
Influenza vaccination when given to
patients
admitted to hospital with
acute
myocardial infarction
(
AMI
) may prevent later acute
heart
disease, but there is no evidence on its effect on
other
patients suffering from
coronary heart disease
Influenza Vaccines for Preventing Cardiovascular Disease
.
Conjugate
Haemophilus influenzae type b
(Hib) vaccines are safe and effective in preventing invasive Hib infections
Conjugate Vaccines for Preventing Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Infection
.
Other evidence summaries
On average,
BCG vaccine
reduces the risk of
tuberculosis
by 50%. Protection against tuberculous
death
, meningitis, and disseminated disease is higher than for total cases of tuberculosis, but this result may be due to reduced error in disease
classification
BCG Vaccine in the Prevention of Tuberculosis
.
The protection given by
BCG
may wane with time. Published studies do not provide evidence of a protective effect more than 10 years after vaccination
Does the Efficacy of BCG Vaccine Decline with Time?
.
Pneumococcal and haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccines are effective in the prevention of these infections .
Aluminium
salts
in vaccines do not cause any serious
or
long-lasting adverse events
Adverse Events after Immunisation with Aluminium-Containing Vaccines
.
A
needle
of 25 mm appears to cause significantly fewer
local reaction
s than a needle of 16 mm
Needle Length and Local Reactions to Routine Immunisations
.
Other Internet resources
Immunization schedules: United States
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/default.htm
Immunization schedule: United Kingdrom
http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Immunisation-Schedule-(UK).htm
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