Pharmacologic Profile

General Use

Prevention and treatment of deficiencies or excesses of electrolytes and maintenance of optimal acid/base balance for homeostasis. Acidifiers and alkalinizers are also used to promote urinary excretion of substances that accumulate in certain disease states (kidney stones, uric acid).

General Action and Information

Electrolytes and minerals are necessary for many body processes. Maintenance of electrolyte levels within normal limits is required for many physiological processes such as cardiac, nerve, and muscle function; bone growth and stability; and a number of other activities. Minerals and electrolytes may also serve as catalysts in many enzymatic reactions. Acid/base balance allows for normal transfer of substances at the cellular and intracellular level.

Contraindications

Contraindicated in situations in which replacement would cause excess or when risk factors for retention are present.

Precautions

Use cautiously in disease states in which electrolyte imbalances are common such as significant hepatic or renal disease, adrenal or pituitary disorders.

Interactions

Depend on individual agents. Alkalinizers and acidifiers can alter the excretion of drugs for which elimination is pH dependent. See specific entries.

Nursing Implications

Assessment

• Observe patient carefully for evidence of electrolyte excess or insufficiency. Monitor lab values before and periodically throughout therapy.

Potential Nursing Diagnoses

• Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements (Indications)
• Deficient knowledge related to medication regimen (Patient/Family Teaching)

Implementation

• Do not administer potassium chloride undiluted.

Patient/Family Teaching

• Review diet modifications with patients with chronic electrolyte disturbances.

Evaluation/Desired Outcomes

• Return to normal serum electrolyte concentrations and resolution of clinical symptoms of electrolyte imbalance.
• Changes in pH or composition of urine, which prevent formation of renal calculi.