glimepiride

Contraindicated in:

Hypersensitivity;
Hypersensitivity to sulfonamides (cross-sensitivity may occur);
Type 1 diabetes;
Diabetic coma or ketoacidosis;
Uncontrolled infection, serious burns, or trauma.

Use Cautiously in:

Severe cardiovascular or hepatic disease;
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (↑ risk of hemolytic anemia);
Severe renal impairment (↑ risk of hypoglycemia);
Infection, stress, or changes in diet may alter requirements for control of blood sugar;
Impaired thyroid, pituitary, or adrenal function;
Malnutrition, high fever, prolonged nausea, or vomiting;
OB: Crosses the placenta and ↑ risk of neonatal hypoglycemia; should be discontinued ≥2 wk before delivery; insulin recommended during pregnancy;
Lactation: May ↑ risk of hypoglycemia in infant; use while breastfeeding only if maternal benefit justifies potential risk to infant;
Pedi: Not recommended for use in children because ↑ weight and risk of hypoglycemia;
Geri: Appears on Beers list. ↑ risk of prolonged hypoglycemia in older adults. Avoid use as first- or second-line monotherapy or as add-on treatment in older adults unless there are significant barriers to the use of safer and more effective agents. If a sulfonylurea must be used, glipizide is preferred.

Adv. Reactions/Side Effects ⬆ ⬇

Derm: photosensitivity, rash

Endo: hypoglycemia

F and E: hyponatremia

GI: constipation, cramps , diarrhea, dyspepsia, hepatitis, nausea, vomiting

Hemat: hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia

Metab: ↑appetite

Neuro: dizziness, drowsiness, headache, weakness

Interactions ⬆ ⬇

Drug-drug:

Ingestion of alcohol may result in disulfiram-like reaction.
Effectiveness may be ↓ by concurrent use of diuretics, corticosteroids, phenothiazines, oral contraceptives, estrogens , thyroid preparations , phenytoin, sympathomimetics, and isoniazid.
Alcohol, androgens (testosterone), chloramphenicol,clarithromycin, disopyramide, fluoroquinolones, fluoxetineMAO inhibitors, NSAIDs (except diclofenac), salicylates, and warfarin may ↑ risk of hypoglycemia.
Concurrent use with warfarin may alter the response to both agents (↑ effects of both initially, then ↓ activity); close monitoring recommended during any changes in dose.
Beta-blockers may mask the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia.
May ↑ cyclosporine levels.
Colesevelam may ↓ effects; administer glimepiride ≥4 hr before colesevelam.

Availability ⬆ ⬇

(Generic available)

Tablets: 1 mg; 2 mg; 4 mg
In combination with:
pioglitazone (Duetact). See Combination Drugs.

Route/Dosage ⬆ ⬇

PO (Adults ): 1–2 mg once daily initially; may ↑ every 1–2 wk up to 8 mg/day (usual range 1–4 mg/day).

US Brand Names ⬆ ⬇

Action ⬆ ⬇

Lowers blood sugar by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas and increasing the sensitivity to insulin at receptor sites.
May also decrease hepatic glucose production.
May be used concurrently with metformin when the combination of diet, exercise, and either drug alone fails to produce glycemic control.

Therapeutic effects:

Lowering of blood sugar in diabetic patients.

Classifications ⬆ ⬇

Therapeutic Classification: antidiabetics

Pharmacologic Classification: sulfonylureas

Pharmacokinetics ⬆ ⬇

Absorption: Well absorbed following oral administration.

Distribution: Unknown.

Protein Binding: 99.5%.

Metabolism/Excretion: Mostly metabolized by the liver; one metabolite has hypoglycemic activity.

Half-Life: 5–9.2 hr.

Time/Action Profile ⬆ ⬇

(hypoglycemic activity)

ROUTE	ONSET	PEAK	DURATION
PO	unknown	2–3 hr	24 hr

Patient/Family Teaching ⬆ ⬇

Instruct patient to take medication at same time each day. Take missed doses as soon as remembered unless almost time for next dose. Do not take if unable to eat.
Explain to patient that this medication controls hyperglycemia but does not cure diabetes. Therapy is long term.
Review signs of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia with patient. If hypoglycemia occurs, advise patient to drink a glass of orange juice or ingest 2–3 tsp of sugar, honey, or corn syrup dissolved in water or an appropriate number of glucose tablets and notify health care professional.
Encourage patient to follow prescribed diet, medication, and exercise regimen to prevent hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic episodes.
Instruct patient in proper testing of serum glucose and ketones. These tests should be closely monitored during periods of stress or illness and health care professional notified if significant changes occur.
Concurrent use of alcohol may cause a disulfiram-like reaction (abdominal cramps, nausea, flushing, headaches, and hypoglycemia).
May occasionally cause dizziness or drowsiness. Caution patient to avoid driving or other activities requiring alertness until response to medication is known.
Caution patient to avoid other medications, especially aspirin and alcohol, while on this therapy without consulting health care professional.
Caution patient to use sunscreen and protective clothing to prevent photosensitivity reactions.
Advise patient to inform health care professional of medication regimen prior to treatment or surgery.
Advise patient to notify health care professional promptly if unusual weight gain, swelling of ankles, drowsiness, shortness of breath, muscle cramps, weakness, sore throat, rash, or unusual bleeding or bruising occurs.
Advise patient to carry a form of sugar (sugar packets, candy) and identification describing disease process and medication regimen at all times.
Rep: Insulin is the recommended method of controlling blood sugar during pregnancy. Counsel female patients to use a form of contraception other than oral contraceptives and to notify health care professional promptly if pregnancy is planned or suspected or if breastfeeding. Neonates of women with gestational diabetes who are treated with sulfonylureas during pregnancy may be at increased risk for hypoglycemia and respiratory distress.
Emphasize the importance of routine follow-up exams.

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Indications ⬇

Contraind./Precautions ⬆ ⬇