- Congestive heart failure
- Shock
- Hypovolemia
- Urinary tract obstruction
- Renal diseases
- Starvation
- Infection
- Myocardial infarction
- Diabetes mellitus
- Burns
- Gastrointestinal bleeding
- Advanced pregnancy
- Nephrotoxic agents
- Excessive protein ingestion
- Malignancies
- Addison's disease
- Gout
- Pancreatitis
- Tissue necrosis
- Advanced age
Drugs
- Aspirin
- Acetaminophen
- Cancer chemotherapeutic agents
- Antibiotics (amphotericin B, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides)
- Thiazide diuretics
- Indomethacin (Indocin)
- Morphine
- Codeine
- Sulfonamides
- Methyldopa (Aldomet)
- Propranolol (Inderal)
- Guanethidine (Ismelin)
- Pargyline (Eutonyl)
- Lithium carbonate
- Dextran
- Sulfonylureas
- Inadequate dietary protein
- Severe liver disease
- Water overload
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Pregnancy
- Amyloidosis
- Malabsorption syndromes
Drugs
- IV dextrose
- Phenothiazines
- Thymol