| Complication | Cause |
|---|---|
| Loss of functional independence | Immobility, lack of time to perform task, lack of expectations by staff or family |
| Falling | Postural hypotension, dizziness, medication effects, unfamiliar surroundings |
| Confusion | Drug effects, unfamiliar environment, sensory deficits |
| Skin breakdown | Immobility, skin changes with aging, inadequate turning |
| Incontinence | Cognitive changes, inability to access toilet, need for assistance, loss of sphincter muscle control |
| Constipation | Drug effects, inactivity, dietary changes, changes in GI motility |
| Heatstroke | Altered thermoregulation response |
| Hypothermia | Loss of subcutaneous tissue → decreased insulation |
| Self-injury | Reduced tactile sensation |
Source: Cheryl Osborne, EdD, RN, Professor of Nursing, Director of Gerontology, California State University, Sacramento.