| Age and Stage of Development | Conflict Areas Needing Resolution | Evaluation: Result of Resolution/Nonresolution |
|---|---|---|
| Infancy (birth–18 mo) | Trust | Shows affection, gratification, recognition; trusts self and others; begins to tolerate frustrations; develops. hope Uses primary caregiver as a base for exploration. |
| vs. Mistrust | Withdrawn, alienated. | |
| Early childhood (18 mo–3 yr) | Autonomy | Cooperative, self-controlled, self-expressive, can delay gratification; develops will. |
| vs. Shame and doubt | Exaggerated self-restraint; defiance; compulsive; overly compliant. | |
| Late childhood (3–5 yr) | Initiative | Realistic goals; can evaluate self; explorative; imitates adult, shows imagination; tests reality; anticipates roles; develops purpose, self-motivation. |
| vs. Guilt | Self-imposed restrictions relative to jealousy, guilt, and denial. | |
| School age (5–12 yr) | Industry | Sense of duty; acquires self-confidence from social and school competencies; persevering in real tasks. |
| vs. Inferiority | School and social dropout; social loner; incompetent. | |
| Adolescence (12–18 yr) | Identity | Has ideological commitments, self-actualizing; sense of self; experiments with roles; experiences sexual polarizations; develops fidelity. |
| vs. Role diffusion | Ambivalent, confused, indecisive; may act out (antisocial acts). | |
| Young adulthood (18–25 yr) | Intimacy, solidarity | Makes commitments to love, work relationships, a cause or creative effort; able to sustain mutual love relationships. |
| vs. Isolation | Superficial, impersonal, biased. | |
| Adulthood (25–60 yr) | Generativity | Productive, creative, procreative, concerned for others; develops care. |
| vs. Self-absorption, stagnation | Self-indulgent. | |
| Late adulthood (60 yr–death) | Ego integrity | Appreciates past, present, and future; self-acceptance of own contribution to others, of own self-worth, and of changes in lifestyle and life cycle; can face “not being”; develops wisdom. |
| vs. Despair | Preoccupied with loss of hope, of purpose; contemptuous, fears death. |
From © Lagerquist, S: Nursing Examination Review, ed 4. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA.