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  1. FOUR SETS OF CRITERIA TO DETERMINE CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY AT TIME OF ALLEGED OFFENSE
    1. M'Naghten Rule(1832)—a person is not guilty if:
      1. Person did not know the nature and quality of the act.
      2. Person could not distinguish right from wrong—if person did not know what he or she was doing, person did not know it was wrong.
    2. The Irresistible Impulse Test (used together with M'Naghten Rule)—person knows right from wrong, but:
      1. Driven by impulse to commit criminal acts regardless of consequences.
      2. Lacked premeditation in sudden violent behavior.
    3. American Law Institute's Model Penal Code (1955) Test
      1. Not responsible for criminal act if person lacks capacity to "appreciate" the wrongfulness of it or to "conform" conduct to requirements of law.
      2. Excludes "an abnormality manifested only by repeated criminal or antisocial conduct"—namely, psychopathology.
      3. Includes "knowledge" and "control" criteria.
    4. Durham Test(Product Rule—1954): accused is not criminally responsible if act was a "product of mental disease." Discarded in 1972.
  2. TYPES OF ADMISSIONS
    1. Voluntary: person, parent, or legal guardian applies for admission; person agrees to receive treatment and to follow hospital rules; civil rights are retained.
    2. Involuntary: process and criteria vary among states (Figure. 3.1. Typical Procedure for Involuntary Commitment).
  3. LEGAL AND CIVIL RIGHTS OF CLIENTS WHO ARE HOSPITALIZED—the right to:
    1. Wear own clothes, keep and use personal possessions and reasonable sum of money for small purchases.
    2. Have individual storage space for private use.
    3. See visitors daily.
    4. Have reasonable access to confidential phone conversations.
    5. Receive unopened correspondence and have access to stationery, stamps, and a mailbox.
    6. Refuse shock treatments, lobotomy.
  4. CONCEPTS CENTRAL TO COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH (COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH ACT, 1980)
    1. Systems perspective: scope of care moves beyond the individual to the community, with influences from biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces.
    2. Emphasis on prevention: primary (reduce incidents by preventing harmful social conditions); secondary (early identification and treatment of disorders to reduce duration); tertiary (early rehabilitation to reduce impairment from disorders).
    3. Interdisciplinary collaboration: flexible roles based on unique areas of expertise.
    4. Consumer participation and control.
    5. Comprehensive services: ambulatory care, partial hospitalization, 24-hour hospitalization and emergency care; consultation and education; screening services.
    6. Continuity of care.