• Normal (eupnea): Regular and comfortable at 12-20 breaths/min.
• Tachypnea: >20 breaths/min.
• Bradypnea: <12 breaths/min.
• Hyperventilation: Rapid, deep respiration >20 breaths/min.
• Apneustic: Neurological: sustained inspiratory effort.
• Cheyne-Stokes: Neurological: alternating patterns of depth separated by brief periods of apnea.
• Kussmaul: Rapid, deep, and labored: common in DKA.
• Air trapping: Difficulty during expiration: emphysema.

Subtopic(s)

• Lung Sounds-Differential Diagnosis
• Wound Assessment