DDx ⬇
- Functional or nonulcer dyspepsia (most common)
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Gastroesophageal reflux
- Gastritis, eg, NSAIDs, alcohol, stress, H. pylori, pernicious anemia
- Pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer
- "Indigestion" from overeating, high-fat foods, coffee
- Other drugs: aspirin, antibiotics (eg, macrolides, metronidazole), corticosteroids, digoxin, narcotics, theophylline
- Gastroparesis
- Lactase deficiency
- Malabsorption
- Gastric cancer
- Parasitic infection, eg, Giardia, Strongyloides, Ascaris
- Cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, or cholangitis
- H. pylori(controversial)
- Myocardial ischemia or pericarditis
- Pneumonia
- Abdominal hernia
- Pregnancy
- Intestinal ischemia
- Esophageal rupture
- Gastric volvulus
- Physical or sexual abuse
Related DDx ⬆