DDx ⬇
Drugs
- Opioids, alcohol, sedatives, antipsychotics, withdrawal, others
Metabolic
- Hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, uremia, hepatic encephalopathy, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, vitamin B12 or thiamine deficiency, carbon monoxide poisoning, Wilson's disease
Infectious
- Meningitis, encephalitis, bacteremia, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, neurosyphilis
Structural
- Space-occupying lesion, eg, brain tumor, subdural hematoma, hydrocephalus
Vascular
- Stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, coronary ischemia, hypertensive encephalopathy, CNS vasculitis, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hyperviscosity
Psychiatric
- Schizophrenia, depression
Other
- Seizure, hypothermia, heat stroke, ICU psychosis, "sundowning"
Related DDx ⬆