Low stroke volume

• Hypovolemia, eg, hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, "third spacing"
• Pneumothorax
• Pulmonary embolus
• Cardiac tamponade
• "Pump failure" due to myocardial ischemia or cardiomyopathy
• Aortic stenosis
• Aortic insufficiency
• Mitral regurgitation
• Aortic dissection
• Rupture of ventricular septum or free wall

Abnormal heart rate

• Bradycardia
• Tachycardia

Low systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

• Sepsis
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Anaphylaxis
• Drugs, eg, vasodilators
• Neurogenic shock

• Anaphylaxis
• Bacteremia & sepsis
• Acute adrenal insufficiency