Cardiovascular

• Congestive heart failure (CHF) (right-sided)
• Pericardial effusion
• Pericarditis
• Tricuspid regurgitation
• Tricuspid stenosis
• Pulmonic stenosis
• Cor pulmonale
• Venous insufficiency (most common)
• Venous obstruction

Noncardiovascular

• Cirrhosis
• Low albumin (nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition, protein-losing enteropathy)
• Cellulitis
• Premenstrual fluid retention
• Drugs (vasodilators, eg, calcium channel blockers, salt-retaining medications, eg, NSAIDs, thiazolidinediones)
• Musculoskeletal (Baker’s cyst, gastrocnemius tear, compartment syndrome)
• Lymphatic obstruction
• Preeclampsia-eclampsia
• Myxedema
• Lymphatic filariasis
• Eosinophilic fasciitis

• Upper extremity edema
• Unilateral edema
• Lymphedema
• Scrotal mass or swelling