Red, brown, or black urine

Urine sediment examination

Ammonium sulfate test or protein electrophoresis

Examine external genitalia

End

Occult blood negative
Billirubin
Porphyrins
Others
Drugs
Dyes

Occult blood positive

No RBCs

RBCs

Normal serum color

Pink color to serum
Hemoglobin

No lower urinary tract signs

Lower urinary tract signs

No Hx trauma

Hx trauma

Pyuria present
Upper UTI with or without nephroliths

Urine culture
IVP
Ultrasonography

Pyuria absent

Negative
RBC lysis in urine
Hemoglobin

Positive
Myoglobin

Female or castrated male

Male: palpate prostate

Normal

Abnormal

Abnormal
TVT
Estrus
Vaginitis

Vaginal smear
Culture

Normal
Cystitis
Urethritis
Uroliths
Neoplasia
Bladder malformation

Urine culture
Radiography
Ultrasonography
Biopsy

Variable pain
Prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatic neoplasia
Prostatic cysts
Prostatic metaplasia

Radiography
Ultrasonography
Ejaculate examination
Culture
Biopsy

Painful
Prostatitis
Prostate abscess

Radiography
Ultrasonography
Ejaculate examination
Culture
Aspiration/Biopsy

Severe proteinuria
Glomerulonephritis

Urine Protein:creatinine
24-hour protein
Radiography
Ultrasonography
Biopsy

Mild or absent proteinuria

Radiography
IVP
Ultrasonography

Abnormalities
Neoplasia
Nephroliths
Ureteroliths
Cysto renal disease

No abnormalities
Drugs
Coagulopathy
Renal trauma
Idiopathic renal hematuria
Telangiectasia of Welsh Corgis
Vascular disease