| Age | Stage | Task |
|---|---|---|
| Infant | Depending on others | Learning ways to communicate with primary caregiver for meeting comfort needs |
| Toddler | Delaying satisfaction | Some delay in self-gratification to please others |
| Early Childhood | Self-identification | Acquisition of appropriate roles and behaviors through perception of others’ expectations of self |
| Late Childhood | Participation skills | Competition, compromise, cooperation skills acquisition; sense of one’s place in the world |
Stages of Personality Development tables modified from Morgan K & Townsend MC Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 8th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 2019, used with permission