bupropion/naltrexone

Bupropion: antidepressant that acts as a weak inhibitor of neuronal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine.
Naltrexone: acts as an opioid antagonist.
In combination they affect two different brain areas involved in food intake: the hypothalamic appetite regulatory center and mesolimbic dopamine circuit reward system.

Therapeutic effects:

Decreased appetite with associated weight loss.

Pharmacokinetics ⬆ ⬇

Bupropion

Absorption: Well absorbed but rapidly metabolized by the liver. Absorption is enhanced by a high-fat meal.

Distribution: Parent drug and metabolites enter breast milk.

Metabolism/Excretion: Extensively metabolized; three metabolites are pharmacologically active. Excretion is mostly renal as metabolites, minimal renal excretion of unchanged drug.

Half-Life: 21 hr (longer for some metabolites).

Naltrexone

Absorption: Well absorbed orally, undergoes extensive first pass hepatic metabolism resulting in 5–40% bioavailability. Absorption is enhanced by a high-fat meal.

Distribution: Parent drug and metabolites enter breast milk.

Metabolism/Excretion: Metabolized to 6–beta-naltrexol. Both parent drug and metabolite are pharmacologically active. Excretion is mostly renal as metabolite, less than 2% as unchanged drug.

Half-Life: naltrexone: 5 hr; 6–beta-naltrexol: 13 hr.

Time/Action Profile ⬆ ⬇

(weight loss)

ROUTE	ONSET	PEAK	DURATION
PO	within 4 wk	6 mo	unknown

Contraind./Precautions ⬆ ⬇

Contraindicated in:

Known hypersensitivity to bupropion or naltrexone;
Uncontrolled hypertension;
End-stage renal disease;
Severe hepatic impairment;
Seizure disorders;
Anorexia or bulimia;
During withdrawal from or discontinuation of alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or antiepileptics;
Chronic opioid/opiate agonist or partial agonist use or acute opiate withdrawal;
During/within 14 days of MAO inhibitors;
Concurrent use of CYP2B6 inducers;
Concurrent use of other bupropion-containing medications;
OB: Pregnancy;
Pedi: Not recommended for use in children.

Use Cautiously in:

History of suicidal behavior/ideation;
History of seizure risk (avoid administration with a high-fat meal, adhere to recommended dose);
Cardiac/cerebrovascular disease;
Angle-closure glaucoma;
Diabetes mellitus (weight loss may result in hypoglycemia if treatment is not adjusted);
Moderate or severe renal impairment (use lower dose);
Moderate hepatic impairment (use lower dose);
Lactation: Use while breastfeeding only if potential maternal benefit justifies potential risk to infant;
Geri: Older adults may have ↑ sensitivity to adverse CNS reactions.

Adv. Reactions/Side Effects ⬆ ⬇

CV: hypertension, tachycardia

Derm: hot flush, sweating

EENT: angle-closure glaucoma (bupropion), tinnitus

GI: constipation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dry mouth, hepatotoxicity (naltrexone)

Neuro: headache, aggression, agitation, anxiety, delusions, depression, dizziness, dysgeusia, hallucinations, HOMICIDAL THOUGHTS/BEHAVIOR, hostility, insomnia, mania, panic, paranoia, psychosis, SEIZURES, SUICIDAL THOUGHTS/BEHAVIOR, tremor

Misc: HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS (INCLUDING ANAPHYLAXIS AND ANAPHYLACTOID REACTIONS)

Interactions ⬆ ⬇

Drug-drug:

Concurrent or use within 14 days with MAO inhibitors↑ risk of hypertensive reactions.
May ↑ levels and risk of toxicity of CYP2D6 substrates, including SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, haloperidol, risperidone, thioridazine, metoprolol, flecainide, and propafenone.
CYP2B6 inducers including carbamazepine, efavirenz, ritonavir, lopinavir, phenobarbital, and phenytoin may ↓ levels and effectiveness; avoid concurrent use.
CYP2B6 inhibitors, including clopidogrel, may ↑ levels and risk of toxicity; not to exceed one tablet twice daily.
Concurrent use of drugs that seizure threshold may ↑ risk of seizures.
Dopaminergic drugs including amantadine and levodopa may ↑ risk of CNS toxicity.
Concurrent ingestion of alcohol may ↑ risk of neuropsychiatric reactions (reduce consumption or avoid).
May ↓ renal excretion of and ↑ levels/risk of toxicity from amantadine, amiloride, cimetidine, dopamine, famotidine, memantine, metformin, pindolol, procainamide, varenicline, and oxaliplatin.
May ↓ analgesic effects of opioids.

Route/Dosage ⬆ ⬇

PO (Adults ): Week 1: one tablet in the morning; Week 2: one tablet in the morning and one tablet in the evening; Week 3: two tablets in the morning and one tablet in the evening; Week 4 and onward: two tablets in the morning and two tablets in the evening. Concurrent use of CYP2B6 inhibitors: dose should not exceed one tablet twice daily.

Hepatic Impairment

PO (Adults ): Moderate hepatic impairment: Dose should not exceed one tablet in the morning and one tablet in the evening.

Renal Impairment

PO (Adults ): Moderate or severe renal impairment: Dose should not exceed one tablet in the morning and one tablet in the evening.

Availability ⬆ ⬇

Extended-release tablets: 90 mg bupropion/8 mg naltrexone

Assessment ⬆ ⬇

Monitor for weight loss and adjust concurrent medications (antihypertensives, antidiabetics, lipid-lowering agents) as needed.
Assess mental status and mood changes, especially during initial few mo of therapy. Risk may be increased in children, adolescents, and adults ≤24 yr. Inform health care professional if patient demonstrates significant increase in signs of depression (depressed mood, loss of interest in usual activities, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, increased fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, slowed thinking or impaired concentration, irritability, hostility, suicide or homicide attempt or suicidal ideation). Restrict amount of drug available to patient.
Monitor BP and heart rate periodically during therapy, especially in patient with hypertension.
Monitor for signs and symptoms of anaphylactic reactions (pruritus, urticaria, hives, angioedema, dyspnea). Discontinue therapy and treat symptomatically.

Lab Test Considerations:

Monitor blood glucose prior to and during therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes; may cause hypoglycemia.
- May cause false-positive urine test for amphetamines.

Implementation ⬆ ⬇

PO: Administer in the morning and evening according to dose escalation schedule. DNC: Swallow tablets whole; do not break, crush, or chew.
- Do not administer with a high-fat meal; may ↑ risk of seizures.

Patient/Family Teaching ⬆ ⬇

Instruct patient to take medication as directed, following the dose escalation schedule. If a dose is missed, omit and wait until next scheduled dose; do not double doses. Advise patient to read Medication Guide before starting therapy and with each Rx refill in case of changes.
Instruct patient to adhere to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.
Advise patient, family, and caregivers to look for suicidality, especially during early therapy. Notify health care professional immediately if thoughts about suicide, homicide, or dying, attempts to commit suicide, new or worse depression or anxiety, agitation or restlessness, panic attacks, insomnia, new or worse irritability, aggressiveness, hostility, acting on dangerous impulses, mania, or other changes in mood or behavior occur.
Advise patient to notify health care professional if signs and symptoms of liver damage (stomach pain lasting more than a few days, dark urine, yellowing of skin and whites of eyes, tiredness) occurs.
Advise patients they may be less sensitive to opioids during therapy. Advise patients to notify health care professional of bupropion/naltrexone therapy.
Advise patient to notify health care professional of all Rx or OTC medications, vitamins, or herbal products being taken and to consult with health care professional before taking other medications and to minimize or avoid alcohol during therapy.
Rep: Instruct females of reproductive potential to notify health care professional if pregnancy is planned or suspected and to avoid breastfeeding during therapy. Advise pregnant patients to discontinue medication as appropriate weight gain based on pre-pregnancy weight is recommended for all pregnant patients, including those who are overweight or obese, due to the weight gain that occurs in maternal tissues during pregnancy.

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Pronunciation ⬇

Classifications ⬆ ⬇

Indications ⬆ ⬇

Action ⬆ ⬇