Variable decreased vision (typically around 20/200 level for a full-thickness hole, better for a partial-thickness hole), metamorphopsia, or central scotoma. Three times more likely in women; usually occurs in sixth to eighth decade. 10% bilateral.
(See Figures 11.25.1 and 11.25.2.)
Critical
A full-thickness macular hole appears as a round, red spot in the center of the macula, usually from one-third to two-thirds of a disc diameter in size; may be surrounded by a gray halo/cuff of SRF. Vitreomacular traction (VMT) demonstrates loss of the normal foveolar depression and often a yellow spot or ring in the center of the macula.
Other
Small, yellow precipitates deep to the retina in the hole or surrounding retina; retinal cysts at the margin of the hole or a small operculum above the hole, anterior to the retina (Gass stage 3 or 4); or both.
Gass Staging of Macular Hole
NOTE: |
A new classification system using OCT has been developed. It is based on size of the full-thickness hole, presence of VMT, and underlying etiology (e.g., primary VMT versus secondary trauma). |
May be difficult to distinguish a macular hole from a pseudohole (no loss of foveal tissue) or a lamellar macular hole (partial-thickness).
May be caused by vitreous or ERM traction on the macula, trauma, or CME. In early stages of vitreomacular adhesion (VMA)/VMT, the vitreous cortex is attached to the fovea but detached from the perifoveal region, exerting anteroposterior traction on the fovea. Increased tractional forces can allow for eventual progression to full-thickness macular hole.