Aging

Alcohol use disorder (alcoholism)

Cigarette smoking

Cola consumption in women (hip)

Ethnicity: White

Female sex

Genetic disorders

Aromatase deficiency

Collagen disorders

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Homocystinuria

Hypophosphatasia

Idiopathic juvenile and adult osteoporosis

Marfan syndrome

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Hormone deficiency

Estradiol (women)

Testosterone (men)

Hormone excess

Cushing syndrome

Hyperparathyroidism

Thyrotoxicosis

Low physical activity and immobilization

Malignancy, especially plasma cell myeloma

Medications (long-term)

Aromatase inhibitors

Corticosteroids

GnRH inhibitors

Heparin

Pioglitazone

PPIs

SSRIs (older adults)

SGLT2 inhibitors

Vitamin A excess, vitamin D excess

Underweight (BMI < 18.5)

Miscellaneous conditions

Anorexia nervosa

Celiac disease

Copper deficiency

Cystic fibrosis

Diabetes mellitus (uncontrolled)

HIV infection

Hyponatremia (chronic)

IBD

Liver disease (chronic)

Mastocytosis (systemic)

Primary biliary cholangitis

Protein-calorie malnutrition

Rheumatoid arthritis

Thalassemia major

Vitamin C deficiency