(Table 56-2: Algogenic Substances and Fig. 56-5: Schematic of the neurochemistry of somatosensory processing at peripheral sensory nervy endings)

1. Pain receptors include the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid), kainite, and metabotropic receptors (Fig. 56-6: Schematic representation of peripheral and spinal mechanism involved in neuroplasticity).
2. Repetitive C-fiber stimulation of WDR neurons in the dorsal horn at intervals of 0.5 to 1.0 Hz may precipitate the occurrence of “wind-up” and central sensitization and secondary hyperalgesia (Fig. 56-7: Primary nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord).

Acute Pain Management

1. Acute Pain Defined
2. Anatomy of Acute Pain
3. Pain Processing
4. Chemical Mediators of Transduction and Transmission
5. The Surgical Stress Response
6. Preemptive Analgesia
7. Strategies for Acute Pain Management
8. Assessment of Acute Pain
9. Opioid Analgesics
10. Nonopioid Analgesic Adjuncts
11. Methods of Analgesia
12. Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blockade Caveats
13. Complications from Regional Anesthesia
14. Perioperative Pain Management of Opioid-Dependent Patients
15. Organization of Perioperative Pain Management Services
16. Special Considerations in the Perioperative Pain Management of Children