ventilation
(vent‵ĭ-lā'shŏn 
)
[ ventilatio, an airing]
- The movement of air into and out of the lungs.
- Circulation of fresh air in a room and withdrawal of foul air.
- In physiology, the amount of air inhaled per day. This can be estimated by spirometry, multiplying the tidal air by the number of respirations per day. An average figure is 10,000 L. This must not be confused with the total amount of oxygen consumed, which is on the average only 360 L/day. These volumes are more than doubled during hard physical labor.
abdominal displacement v.A noninvasive type of artificial ventilation that relies on displacement of the abdominal contents to move the patient's diaphragm.
ABBR: ASV
A type of mechanical ventilation in which the minute ventilation is not allowed to fall below a set threshold, e.g., in adults, below 100 mL/kg/min, but the inspiratory pressure, inspiratory time, and tidal volume are all adjusted by the ventilator to the patient's needs.airway pressure release v.A pressure controlled, time-cycled mode of ventilation that uses an inverse ratio, i.e., the inspiratory phase is longer than the intermittent brief expiratory phase. The inspiratory phase includes a designated time to hold a set pressure in the lungs followed by a short expiratory phase to release inhaled gases. The inspiratory phase assists with oxygenation and the expiratory phase assists with ventilation.
alveolar v.The movement of air into and out of the alveoli. It is a function of the size of the tidal volume, the rate of ventilation, and the amount of dead space present in the respiratory system. It is determined by subtracting the dead space volume from the tidal volume and multiplying the result by the respiratory rate.
assist-control v.A type of mechanical ventilation with a minimum frequency of respirations determined by ventilator settings. It also permits the patient to initiate ventilation at the same tidal volume or pressure as set on the ventilator.
asynchronous v.In emergency cardiac or critical care, the administration of artificial breaths to a patient that are timed independently of chest compressions.
continuous positive-pressure v.A type of mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation. A device administers air or oxygen to the lungs under a continuous pressure that never returns to zero.
differential lung v.The use of different ventilatory strategies in each lung in a patient with focal lung disease, e.g., a patient undergoing surgery to remove a tumor in one lobe of a lung but not another, or a patient with more severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on one side of the chest than another. This technique requires a double-lumen endotracheal tube.
difficult mask v.The inability of a lone, experienced practitioner to maintain a patient's oxygen and bicarbonate levels using noninvasive airway management.
dual control v.Mechanical ventilation initiated by either a change in airway pressures or by a change in gas flowing through the ventilator circuit. Dual control is asserted when pressure limited breaths are delivered and the pressure changes from breath to breath to meet a desired delivered tidal volume. It improves the coordination between the patient's respiratory efforts and machine-generated breaths.
high-frequency jet v.A type of ventilation that continuously ventilates at 100 to 150 cycles/min. It is used in respiratory failure to provide continuous ventilation without the side effects of positive-pressure ventilation.
ABBR: HFOV
Pulmonary ventilation with multiple rapid breaths given at small tidal volumes. It limits the stretching and collapse of the alveoli that occur in conventional mechanical ventilation.high-frequency percussive v.Mechanical ventilation that decreases peak and end-expiratory pressure by delivering hundreds of shallow (low tidal volume) bpm. It is a time-cycled, pressure-limited mode of ventilation.
ABBR: ILV
Ventilating one lung at a time instead of both simultaneously, e.g., during surgery on one lung or one side of the chest. Also known as one-lung ventilation.ABBR: IMV
Machine ventilation that delivers pressurized breaths at intervals while allowing for spontaneous breathing.intermittent positive-pressure v.A mechanical method of assisting pulmonary ventilation, using a device that inflates the lungs under positive pressure. Exhalation is usually passive. SYN: intermittent positive-pressure breathing..
ABBR: IRV
Mechanical ventilation in which the normal temporal relationship between inspiration and expiration is reversed (the inspiration time is longer than the expiratory time). It is sometimes used in severely hypoxemic patients who have not responded to other ventilatory maneuvers. Because it is uncomfortable for patients, paralysis and sedation are needed.liquid v.A ventilatory technique used to treat both premature infants with surfactant-deficient lungs and adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
ABBR: LEV
Any device that pulls droplets, dust, or otherwise contaminated air out of an enclosed environment.lung-protective ventilatory mechanical v.Lung-protective strategy.
mand atory minute v.Ventilatory support that provides mechanical breaths when the patient's spontaneous breathing does not achieve the preset mechanical ventilatory rate.
maximum sustainable v.The normal maximum breathing pattern that can be maintained for 15 min (usually approx. 60% of maximum voluntary ventilation).
maximum voluntary v.The maximum amount of gas that can be ventilated into and out of the lungs in a voluntary effort in a given time, measured in liters per minute.
mechanical v.Any form of artificially supplied ventilation.
ABBR: MV
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in 60 sec.SEE: minute volume.
ABBR: NIV
The use of airway support administered through a face (nasal) mask instead of an endotracheal tube. Inhaled gases are given with positive end-expiratory pressure often with pressure support or with assist control ventilation at a set tidal volume and rate.The American College of Physicians recommends that high-flow oxygen administered by nasal cannula should be tried before noninvasive ventilation in patients with hypoxemia.
Studies have shown NIV to be as effective as and better tolerated than trachea intubation and mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and coma caused by drug overdose.SEE: illus..
passive v.Mechanical ventilation in which the work of breathing is performed solely by the ventilator, not the patient.
positive-pressure mechanical v.Mechanical ventilatory support that applies positive pressure to the airway. The objectives include improving pulmonary gas exchange, relieving acute respiratory acidosis, relieving respiratory distress, preventing and reversing atelectasis, improving pulmonary compliance, preventing further lung injury, and avoiding complications. Positive-pressure ventilation can be life saving, but complications such as toxic effects of oxygen, laryngeal injury, tracheal stenosis, alveolar injury, barotrauma, pneumonia, and psychological problems may occur.
SEE: positive end-expiratory pressure .
pressure support v.A type of assisted ventilation that supplements a spontaneous breath. The patient controls the frequency and the duration and flow of inspiration from the ventilator.
prone ventilation The face-down placement of a patient during mechanical ventilation. It is used to improve oxygenation, e.g., in people with respiratory distress syndrome. SYN: proning.
protective v.A type of mechanical ventilation in which tidal volumes are set to avoid overstretching the alveoli, and pressures at the end of an inhaled breath are set to avoid alveolar collapse.
pulmonary v.The inspiration and expiration of air from the lungs.
reduced v.Respiratory depression.
synchronized intermittent mand atory v.
ABBR: SIMV
Periodic assisted ventilation with positive pressure initiated by the patient and coordinated with spontaneous patient breaths.SEE: intermittent mand atory ventilation .
transtracheal catheter v.An emergency procedure in which a catheter is placed percutaneously through the cricothyroid membrane and attached to a high-pressure, high-flow jet ventilator. This form of ventilation is used for patients with an upper airway obstruction who cannot be intubated.
volume-controlled v.A form of mechanical ventilation in which the peak inspiratory flow rate, fraction of inspired oxygen, positive end-expiratory pressure, respiratory rate, and tidal volume are preset and delivered to the patient. SYN: volume-cycled ventilation ; volume-limited ventilation .