Clues from the clinical presentation |
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Lung infection |
Pneumonia Pneumonia Influenza Influenza Coronavirus infection Covid-19 and other Coronavirus Infections Legionellosis - Fever, headache, myalgia, confusion, abdominal pain, diarrhoea Q fever - Fever, headache, myalgia, increased liver enzymes Melioidosis - Acute septic infection, dense pulmonary infiltrate Endemic deep mycoses Deep Endemic Mycoses (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis) - Respiratory tract symptoms and findings, skin findings possible - Areas of greatest risk: North, Central and South America Pulmonary anthrax Bacterial Diseases in Warm Climates - Mediastinitis |
Fever, general symptoms without local manifestations |
- Thrombopenia, leucopenia, increased CRP and liver enzymes Dengue fever Viral Diseases in Warm Climates - Thrombopenia, leucopenia, low CRP, increased liver enzymes, often mild skin rash Chikungunya Viral Diseases in Warm Climates - Thrombopenia, leucopenia, low CRP, increased liver enzymes, skin rash, arthritis Primary HIV HIV Infection - Thrombopenia, leucopenia, low CRP, increased liver enzymes, skin rash possible - Headache, dry cough, leucocytes and CRP slightly increased or normal Spotted fever Bacterial Diseases in Warm Climates - Skin rash, eschar, slightly increased or normal leucocytes and CRP Leptospirosis Bacterial Diseases in Warm Climates - Symptoms resembling influenza, hepatitis or meningitis, history of contact with fresh water, increased leucocytes, CRP and creatine kinase (CK) Acute schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) - History of contact with fresh water, eosinophilia Brucellosis Bacterial Diseases in Warm Climates - Lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, arthritis, osteitis Visceral leishmaniasis Leishmaniases - Lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia Relapsing fever Bacterial Diseases in Warm Climates - Repeated fever episodes Trypanosomiasis Trypanosomiases - History of tsetse fly sting in Africa and a chancre |
Encephalitis |
Herpes encephalitis Encephalitis Kumlinge tick-borne encephalitis Encephalitis Japanese encephalitis Viral Diseases in Warm Climates Trypanosomiasis Trypanosomiases |
Diarrhoea |
Gastrointestinal bacterial infections: EAEC, EPEC, ETEC, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, etc. Acute Diarrhoeal Disease in a Traveller Gastrointestinal parasitic infections: amoebiasis Amoebiasis, giardiasis Giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidiosis, dientamoebiasis Dientamoebiasis in Adults Hepatitis, particularly hepatitis A and E Viral Hepatitis |
Jaundice |
Alcoholic hepatitis Viral hepatitis Viral Hepatitis Epstein-Barr virus infection Mononucleosis Cytomegalovirus infection Leptospirosis Bacterial Diseases in Warm Climates |
Delirium |
Encephalitis Encephalitis or meningitis Meningitis in Adults Any septic infection Sepsis Abuse of drugs or alcohol |
Bleeding diathesis |
Dengue haemorrhagic fever Viral Diseases in Warm Climates - Thrombopenia, leucopenia, increased liver enzymes, skin rash Yellow fever Viral Diseases in Warm Climates - History of residing in tropical Africa or South America, no vaccination Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Lassa, Ebola, MarburgViral Diseases in Warm Climates - History of residing in an epidemic area during the preceding 21 days and a close contact with a diseased person or animal - In Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: tick bite |
Incubation time | Disease |
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| |
Short incubation time (less than 7 days) | Traveller's diarrhoea Acute Diarrhoeal Disease in a Traveller |
Dengue fever, Chikungunya and other arbovirus infections Viral Diseases in Warm Climates | |
Influenza Influenza | |
Medium long incubation time (less than 21 days) | Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria |
Measles Measles, Mumps and Rubella (Mmr) | |
Hepatitis A Viral Hepatitis | |
Rickettsioses1 Bacterial Diseases in Warm Climates | |
Typhoid fever Diarrhoeal Diseases Caused by Microbes | |
Leptospirosis Bacterial Diseases in Warm Climates | |
Haemorrhagic fevers Viral Diseases in Warm Climates | |
Long incubation time (more than 21 days) | Malaria2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria |
Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E) Viral Hepatitis | |
Amoebic liver abscess Amoebic Abscess | |
Acute HIV infection HIV Infection | |
Secondary syphilis Syphilis | |
Brucellosis Bacterial Diseases in Warm Climates | |
Tuberculosis2 Diagnosing Tuberculosis | |
Acute schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) | |
Visceral leishmaniasis Leishmaniases |