• Congestive heart failure

Cardiogenic

• CHF
• Myocardial infarction
• Myocardial ischemia
• Volume overload of left ventricle: mitral regurgitation, aortic insufficiency, ventricular septal defect
• Mitral stenosis

Noncardiogenic

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• Sepsis
• DIC
• Increased intracerebral pressure (e.g., intracerebral bleed or stroke)
• Aspiration pneumonia
• High altitude
• Drug reaction
• Transfusion reaction
• Salicylate intoxication
• Radiographic contrast allergy
• Inhaled toxins, e.g., smoke inhalation