- CHF
- Myocardial infarction
- Myocardial ischemia
- Volume overload of left ventricle: mitral regurgitation, aortic insufficiency, ventricular septal defect
- Mitral stenosis
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- Sepsis
- DIC
- Increased intracerebral pressure (e.g., intracerebral bleed or stroke)
- Aspiration pneumonia
- High altitude
- Drug reaction
- Transfusion reaction
- Salicylate intoxication
- Radiographic contrast allergy
- Inhaled toxins, e.g., smoke inhalation