Left ventricular failure
- Ischemic cardiomyopathy (eg, myocardial infarction)
- Hypertension
- Cardiomyopathy (eg, idiopathic, alcoholic)
- Valvular disease (eg, aortic stenosis, aortic insufficiency, mitral regurgitation)
- Volume overload including thiazolidinediones, eg, rosiglitazone
- Arrhythmia, eg, atrial fibrillation
- High-output states
- Chagas’ disease
Right ventricular failure
- Usually left ventricular failure (left-sided congestive heart failure)
- Cor pulmonale (right heart failure due to pulmonary disease)
- Chronic pulmonary embolism
- Right-sided valve disease
Diastolic dysfunction
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- Hypertension
- Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- Diabetes
High output heart failure
- Hyperthyroidism
- Severe anemia
- Arteriovenous shunting
- Paget’s disease of the bone
- Beriberi
- Hepatic hemangiomatosis
- Sepsis
- Carcinoid
Outline