DDx ⬇
- Increased caloric intake
- Fluid retention: congestive heart failure (CHF), cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome
- Cushing’s syndrome, eg, exogenous corticosteroids (central obesity)
- Hypothyroidism (edema and fat accumulation)
- Alcoholism (via hypercortisolism)
- Menopause (decreased metabolic rate)
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Syndrome X (obesity, diabetes, and hypertension)
- Insulinoma (hypoglycemia causing overeating)
- Insulin or thiazolidinedione therapy (worsen obesity)
- Other drugs, eg, antipsychotics, antidepressants
- Pregnancy
- Growth hormone deficiency
- Hypothalamic disorders
- Congenital leptin deficiency (morbid obesity)
- Defects in ?-MSH (melanocortin 4) receptor (morbid obesity)
- Genetic syndromes of obesity and mental retardation
- Prader-Willi syndrome (hypotonia, hypogonadism)
- Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome (polydactyly, renal anomalies, retinitis pigmentosa, hypogonadism)
- Cohen’s syndrome (microcephaly, hypotonia, short stature, ocular anomalies, neutropenia)
- Biemond syndrome (diabetes mellitus, polydactyly, coloboma, facial anomalies, hypogonadism)
Related DDx ⬆