- Foreign-body aspiration
- Laryngospasm
- Angioedema
- Laryngeal edema from airway burns
- Trauma to larynx or pharynx
- Epiglottitis
- Pharyngeal or retropharyngeal abscess
- Ludwig's angina
- Acute allergic laryngitis
- Vocal cord dysfunction
- Carcinoma of larynx or pharynx
- Laryngeal or subglottic stenosis
- Laryngeal granulomas or webs
- Bilateral vocal cord paralysis
- Vocal cord dysfunction