DDx ⬇
- Female infertility
- Erectile dysfunction
- Hypogonadism (deficient testosterone from primary or secondary testicular failure)
- Spermicidal lubricants
- Cryptorchism
- Epididymitis
- Retrograde ejaculation, eg, diabetic neuropathy
- Varicocele
- Ejaculatory duct obstruction
- Vas deferens obstruction
- Absent seminal emission from sympathetic nerve injury, eg, pelvic or retroperitoneal surgery
- Hernia repair damaging vas deferens or testicular blood supply
- Drugs: sulfasalazine, nitrofurantoin affect sperm motility (see also drugs in Hypogonadism)
Related DDx ⬆