Pharmacologic Profile

General Use

Anticonvulsants are used to ↓ the incidence and severity of seizures due to various etiologies. Some anticonvulsants are used parenterally in the immediate treatment of seizures. It is not uncommon for patients to require more than one anticonvulsant to control seizures on a long-term basis. Several anticonvulsants are evaluated with serum level monitoring

General Action and Information

Anticonvulsants include a variety of agents, all capable of depressing abnormal neuronal discharges in the CNS that may result in seizures. They may work by preventing the spread of seizure activity, depressing the motor cortex, raising seizure threshold, or altering levels of neurotransmitters, depending on the group. See individual drugs.

Contraindications

Previous hypersensitivity.

Precautions

Use cautiously in patients with severe hepatic or renal impairment; dose adjustment may be required. Choose agents carefully in pregnant and lactating women. Fetal hydantoin syndrome may occur in offspring of patients who receive phenytoin during pregnancy.

Interactions

Barbiturates stimulate the metabolism of other drugs that are metabolized by the liver, ↓ their effectiveness. Phenytoin is highly protein-bound and may displace or be displaced by other highly protein-bound drugs. Lamotrigine, tiagabine, and topiramate are capable of interacting with several other anticonvulsants. Many drugs are capable of lowering seizure threshold and may ↓ the effectiveness of anticonvulsants, including tricyclic antidepressants and phenothiazines. For more specific interactions, see individual drugs.

Nursing Implications

Assessment

• Assess location, duration, and characteristics of seizure activity.
• Monitor serum drug levels routinely throughout anticonvulsant therapy, especially when adding or discontinuing other medications.

Potential Nursing Diagnoses

• Risk for injury (Indications) (Side Effects)
• Deficient knowledge related to disease processes and medication regimen (Patient/Family Teaching)

Implementation

• Administer anticonvulsants around the clock. Abrupt discontinuation may precipitate status epilepticus.
• Implement seizure precautions.

Patient/Family Teaching

• Instruct patient to take medication every day, exactly as directed.
• May cause drowsiness. Caution patient to avoid driving or other activities requiring alertness until response to medication is known. Do not resume driving until physician gives clearance based on control of seizures.
• Advise patient to avoid taking alcohol or other CNS depressants concurrently with these medications.
• Advise patient to carry identification describing disease process and medication regimen at all times.

Evaluation/Desired Outcomes

• Decrease or cessation of seizures without excessive sedation.
• Decreased neuropathic pain.