Proposed Pathophysiology of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome - Flowchart
Proposed Pathophysiology of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome - Flowchart Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
«Flowchart»

Cirrhosis and portal hypertension

Cirrhosis and portal hypertension

Cirrhosis and portal hypertension

Cirrhosis and portal hypertension

Vasodilatation
Angiogenesis

Vasodilatation
Angiogenesis

Vasodilatation
Angiogenesis


End

End

End

eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ET1, endothelin-1; HO-1, heme oxygenase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ET1, endothelin-1; HO-1, heme oxygenase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ET1, endothelin-1; HO-1, heme oxygenase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

eNOS ET1 HO-1 iNOS TGF-β β β VEGF

Inflammation, bacterial translocation, and vasoactive mediators

Inflammation, bacterial translocation, and vasoactive mediators

Inflammation, bacterial translocation, and vasoactive mediators

Hypoxemia

Hypoxemia

Hypoxemia

Hepatopulmonary syndrome

Hepatopulmonary syndrome

Hepatopulmonary syndrome

Hepatopulmonary syndrome

Hepatocyte/cholangiocyte injury
TGF-β ET1
TNF-
Endotoxemia

Hepatocyte/cholangiocyte injury
TGF-β ET1
TNF-
Endotoxemia

Hepatocyte/cholangiocyte injury
TGF-β ET1
TNF-
Endotoxemia


β

eNOS
VEGF

eNOS
VEGF


Increased eNOS

Monocyte adhesion/activation
iNOS
HO-1

Monocyte adhesion/activation
iNOS
HO-1



Monocyte adhesion/activation