Opioids may be classified based on their synthesis, chemical structure, potency, receptor binding, and effect at the opioid receptors (Table 19-1: Classification of Exogenous Opioids). The term opioids is used for all opioids (endogenous opioid peptides, natural opioid alkaloids, semisynthetic opioids, and synthetic opioids).

Opioids

1. Short History
2. The Endogenous Opioid System
3. Opioid Receptor Knockout Mice
4. Classification of Exogneous Opioids
5. Opioids Acting at Opioid and Nonopioid Receptors
6. Opioid Mechanisms
7. Routes of Administration
8. Pharmcokinetics (PK) and Pharmacodynamics (PD)
9. PKPD Models for Opioid Effect: which End Point Serves the Clinician Best?
10. Pharmacodynamics: Dose Effect on Pain Relief
11. Pharmacogenetics
12. Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression
13. Other Opioid-Related Side Effects
14. Remifentanil for Obstetric Labor Pain
15. Gender Differences