1. Remifentanil at bolus doses of 20 to 40 µg with a 3-minute lockout period may provide analgesia when an epidural is not available, although epidural analgesia remains superior to PCA remifentanil or intramuscular meperidine.
2. Safety remains an important issue. (There are little data on the occurrence of short-term hypoxic and apneic events in the time following a contraction.)

Opioids

1. Short History
2. The Endogenous Opioid System
3. Opioid Receptor Knockout Mice
4. Classification of Exogneous Opioids
5. Opioids Acting at Opioid and Nonopioid Receptors
6. Opioid Mechanisms
7. Routes of Administration
8. Pharmcokinetics (PK) and Pharmacodynamics (PD)
9. PKPD Models for Opioid Effect: which End Point Serves the Clinician Best?
10. Pharmacodynamics: Dose Effect on Pain Relief
11. Pharmacogenetics
12. Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression
13. Other Opioid-Related Side Effects
14. Remifentanil for Obstetric Labor Pain
15. Gender Differences