DDx ⬇
- Microvascular infarction, eg, diabetes, hypertension
- Wernicke’s encephalopathy
- Multiple sclerosis
- Myasthenia gravis
- Graves’ ophthalmopathy
- Botulism
- Internal carotid aneurysm or dissection
- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysm
- Other mass compressing nerves to extraocular muscles
- Brainstem infarct
- Neurosyphilis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Sarcoidosis
- Pseudotumor cerebri
- Muscle entrapment from orbital blowout fracture
- Orbital cellulitis
- Sphenoid sinusitis
- Cavernous sinus thrombosis
- Ophthalmoplegic migraine
- Temporal (giant cell) arteritis
- Tuberculous meningitis
- Diphtheria
- Progressive supranuclear palsy
- Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (mitochondrial myopathy)
- Other causes of cranial nerve palsy
Monocular diplopia
(with one
eye closed)
- Refractive error
- Early cataract
- Lens dislocation, eg, Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria
- Corneal opacity, eg, scar, pterygium
Related DDx ⬆